Calculations of nutritional status were performed using Epi-Info 2000 (Centers for Disease Control, GA, USA) software. Participants were distributed by BMI-for-age percentiles according Alectinib to standard reference values of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts.17 All participants were examined by a trained physician and classified regarding gender development

in accordance with the recommendations of Tanner.19 Individuals who had reached breast-stage 2 for females and genitalia-stage 3 for males according to WHO cut-off points were considered pubertal.20 Statistical analyses were performed using PASW Statistics version 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) with the level of statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Mean values of age, height, weight, HAZ, BMI, and WC of the stunted and non-stunted groups,

stratified according to gender, were compared using the Student’s t-test, and assumptions of homoscedasticity were verified using the Levene test. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to establish significant differences in plasma insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, SAP, and DAP values (adjusted according to age and weight) between the stunted and non-stunted groups. Logistic regression analysis (forward LR method) was employed to compare individuals with elevated insulin concentrations (> 75th percentile) using the Wald test to determine which factors should be employed as predictor variables in the Crenolanib cost final model. Pubertal stage,

gender, CHIR-99021 manufacturer and WC were defined as independent variables in the regression model. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed in order to establish WC cut-off points for individuals in the stunted and non-stunted groups that could be used to predict insulin concentrations above the 75th percentile. The study population comprised 206 children and adolescents (53.5% males and 46.5% females), most of whom (74.8%) were classified as pre-pubertal. The families of the majority of the participants were considered poor, with an average of 6.0 ± 3.6 individuals per household and a monthly family income of US$ 484 ± 328, which is equivalent to a daily per capita income of approximately US$ 4 ± 2.7. The prevalence of illiteracy was higher among mothers (10.6%) than fathers (5.6%), and 10% of the dwellings were inadequate shacks constructed of wood or a mix of wood and brick. The mean values of weight, height, BMI, and BMI-for-age percentiles of stunted males and females were significantly lower, and the average ages significantly higher, than those of corresponding non-stunted individuals (Table 1). No significant differences were observed in pubertal stages between stunted and non-stunted groups.