27 Compared with nondepressed controls, patients with depression are less satisfied with primary care physicians28 perhaps due to maladaptive attachment patterns such as either fear of leaning on others (including physicians) or anxious attachment.29 These maladaptive attachment patterns likely occur more often in patients with depression due to higher rates of childhood adversity.17,18 Patients with depression may delay visits for important medical

problems or adhere poorly to medical recommendations due to fears of becoming dependent on others.30 Ciechanowski and colleagues Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical have shown that patients with diabetes with fear of leaning on others (ie, insecure attachment) have poorer adherence

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to self care, miss more regularly scheduled visits,26 and have poorer disease control compared with patients with diabetes with normal attachment styles.30 Patients with anxious attachment may be overly dependent on physicians, leading to increased medical utilization for minor somatic symptoms, multiple phone calls, and ensuing physician frustration.31 Recent studies have evaluated the effect of Selleckchem MM-102 comorbid depression in patients with chronic medical illness on patient perception of physician communication. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The presence of comorbid depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes has shown to be associated with patients reporting poor communication, including: Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical elicitation of patient problems, concerns, and expectations, explanations about their condition, and patient empowerment and decision-making.32 In patients with CHD, each additional standard deviation increase in depression symptoms was found to be associated with 50% greater odds of patients Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reporting poor explanations about their medical condition, and 30% greater odds of patients reporting

physicians responding poorly to their preferences for treatment.33 Adherence to self-care Caring for chronic illness takes patient planning, time, and motivation. Depression may Parvulin impair self-care of chronic illness by adversely effecting memory, energy, and executive function.14 Moreover, the sense of helplessness and hopelessness associated with depression may decrease motivation to care for chronic illness. A systematic review by Dimatteo and colleagues found that comorbid depression in patients with chronic medical illness decreased adherence to self-care regimens by threefold.34 Studies in patients with diabetes have shown that depression adversely effects adherence to diet, exercise regimens, cessation of smoking, and taking the three key diabetes control medications as prescribed; oral hypoglycemics, antihypertensives, and lipid control medications.