Specific and non-specific hybridizations at RT, 30, 40, 50, and 60 °C were also studied by applying target DNA, 10−8 M of 25-mer oligo-G on the modified Akt inhibitor electrode surface. Later, the same concentration of non-specific

DNA, 25-mer oligo-T was also applied under identical conditions and the results were compared to each other. This study offers a predictable optimum temperature that discriminates non-specific hybridization without significantly affecting the specific hybridization. Sandwich hybridization was performed at RT by injecting 50-mer oligo-G at different concentrations (10−8, 10−9, 10−10 and 10−11 M). Once a stable base line was observed, the same concentration of 25-mer oligo-C was injected. These results were compared with those obtained from injection of the 50-mer oligo-G, alone. The electrochemical behavior of the electrode was studied after each modification step (Fig. 2) by oxidizing and reducing a redox couple on the bare gold electrode surface. After electropolymerization of tyramine on the electrode surface, the redox peak was decreased markedly. The deposited polytyramine, besides of providing free amino selleck products groups for covalent binding to the phosphate group of oligonucleotides by forming

phosphoramide bond [27], it also provides an insulating property on the electrode surface. The oligo-C probe coupled to the polytyramine layer also contributed to the insulating behavior Ergoloid of the polytyramine layer. Therefore, a further decrease of redox peak was observed after subsequent immobilization of oligo-C. However, after treatment with 1-dodecanethiol the cyclic voltammograms showed complete blockage of redox reaction. The electrode surface was assumed to be completely covered so that the all influence from pin holes were considered negligible based on, that makes the electrode/solution interface to be described by resistor–capacitor in series (RC) model (Eq. (2)) above. Otherwise the capacitance would be in parallel with resistor (R(RC) model), resulting in a decrease

in sensitivity due to leakage of current. The value of registered capacitance depends on the dielectric and insulating features at the working electrode and solution interface. Fig. 3 shows the basic features of the registered capacitance; before injection of analyte, Cbeforeanalyte; after injection of analyte, Cafteranalyte; and after regeneration, Cafterregeneration. Upon injection of oligo-G, the hybridization with immobilized oligo-C on the electrode surface took place that resulted into a decrease in capacitance. The observed little increase in capacitance immediately after injection of oligo-G might be due to an increase in negative charge density as the polyanion DNA-probes approach the electrode.