The more

recent history of a new diagnostic entity related to bereavement or grief began with research by Mardi J. Horowitz, who outlined the very first description of PTSD criteria and symptoms. In 1974, he pointed to a similarity in terms of content between PTSD and grief patients.8 Horowitz, Bonanno, and Holen9 called this family of failure-to-adapt disorders the “stressresponse syndromes.”8 This concept is becoming increasingly recognized and may appear as a new area of disorders in the ICD-11 and the DSM-5. Horowitz and colleagues9,10 suggested that core symptoms of complicated grief are intrusive-preoccupation, denial-avoidance, and failure-to-adapt—the last containing enduring feelings of loneliness Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or emptiness, difficulties with new intimacy, and keeping possessions of the deceased the same. The Horowitz group established the first operational Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical diagnoses of a bereavement-related disorder that subsequently stimulated much research. In the following years, Holly G. Prigerson became interested in developing reliable and

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical valid diagnostic criteria. Together with her research group, Prigerson developed a widely used questionnaire, the “Inventory of Complicated Grief” (ICG11). For many years, this was considered to be the “gold standard” of complicated grief (CG) research (see below). Over the years, the labels of the condition would change: from pathological to complicated, traumatic, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical prolonged grief. The Horowitz team based their conceptualization of CG on the stress response Galunisertib datasheet theory, which views bereavement as a stressful life event.10 Horowitz12 suggested a general change of the DSM categories, in the sense that PTSD should be removed from the category “Anxiety Disorders,” and a new category, “Stress Response Syndromes,” should be created.12 These Stress Response Syndromes would include psychiatric disorders that

are caused by the experience of stress: PTSD, Adjustment Disorder, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Acute Stress Disorder, Stress-Induced Psychosomatic Disorder, and Complicated Grief. Recently, Prigerson, Vanderwerker, and Maciejewski13 developed new diagnostic criteria labelled “Prolonged Grief.”13,14 The authors explain that the term prolonged expresses the nature of the disorder more clearly. Nonetheless, duration is not the main factor of a dysfunctional bereavement.14 The Prigerson team distinguished between the core tuclazepam symptoms separation distress (eg, yearning) and traumatic distress, the latter being when sufferers would experience being shocked, dazed, stunned, emotionally numb, or angry. For a decade these two influential approaches to assess or diagnose PGD remained independent of one another in their undertaken research. Only in 2009 did Prigerson, Horowitz, and other proponents of PGD diagnostic criteria reach a consensus on clinical PGD criteria.13 This consensus resulted from a reanalysis of field trial data from the Yale Bereavement Study, which Involved 317 participants.