Specifically, patients under 70 years of age showed a higher probability of relapsing than older ones and their methyla tion phenotype was significantly predictive of recurrence. Discussion The present study focused on evaluating the methylation status of tumor suppressor genes and on verifying its role in predicting recurrence of non muscle invasive bladder cancer. The MS MLPA technique has the advantage of requiring only a small quantity of DNA, is capable of rapidly determining the methylation status of numerous genes in the same experiment, and has also been shown to work well in formalin fixed paraffin embedded samples. However, an important limitation of our study was the lack of a sufficient quan tity of cancer tissue to confirm the methylation results using a second technique such as methylation specific PCR or gene expression analyses.

In agreement with results from other studies, we found a positive correlation between gene methylation and lack of recurrence, highlighting that putative tumor suppressor genes do not always kinase inhibitor Oxiracetam act as tumor suppressors but may actually have different biological functions. Statistical analysis revealed 3 genes capable of significantly predicting tumor recurrence. Their methylation was significantly indica tive of a lack of recurrence at the 5 year follow up. The combined analysis of the three genes showed 72% accu racy in predicting recurrence or non recurrence. HIC1 is a new candidate tumor suppressor gene, but the relevance of its methylation in bladder cancer prognosis is still unknown.

Although GSTP1 methy lation is a well known event in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer, its role in bladder carcinoma has yet to L-Mimosine clinical trial bladder cancer progression. As methylation reduces gene expression, our data are in agreement with those of Pljesa Ercegovac, the absence of GSTP1 methylation observed in our study supporting the hypothesis of more aggressive behavior of bladder tumors and consequently of a higher relapse rate. Although the role of RASSF1 in bladder cancer development is still unclear, Ha and coworkers reported that its methylation would seem to play a part in pre dicting recurrence in low grade and stage bladder tumors. Surprisingly, we observed lower methylation levels of RASSF1 in recurrent tumors than in non recurrent ones, the discordance possibly due to different tech niques used. The MS MLPA approach only permitted us to analyze one CpG site per probe, whereas several CpG sites may have been evaluated by Ha using the MS PCR tech nique. For these reasons, we believe that further evaluation is needed to clarify the role of RASSF1 in bladder cancer, especially with regard to the cor relation between its methylation status and protein expression.