3.2.2. Virosomes New generation types of liposomes have been developed to increase bioactive molecule delivery to the cytoplasm by escape endosome [45]. New approaches that employ liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers are virosomes. A virosome is another type of liposome formulation; it comprises noncovalent

coupling of a liposome and a fusogenic viral envelope. Virosomes have been constructed by combining viral components with nonviral vectors or Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by using pseudovirions without viral genome replication. Viruses, such as influenza virus, HVJ (hemagglutinating virus of Japan; Sendai virus), and hepatitis B virus, have been used in the construction of virosomes. The HVJ-derived vector is particularly promising due to its highly efficient delivery of DNA, siRNA, proteins, and anticancer

drugs. Furthermore, the HVJ envelope vector has intrinsic anti-tumour activities including the activation of multiple antitumour immunities Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and the induction of cancer-selective apoptosis [46]. During the last 10 years, active vaccination with amyloid peptides shows promise for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Several studies in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease have revealed the potency of vaccination to prevent or even clear amyloid plaques from mouse brain. Several years ago, Zurbriggen et al. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical described an active vaccination method based on amyloid-beta (1-16) presented on the surface of virosomes, which triggered a dramatic decrease in both amyloid-beta (1-40) and amyloid-beta (1-42) in a double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical These uses of virosomes are a promising antigen carrier system against the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease [47]. 3.2.3. Gene-Based Liposomes The delivery of the large anionic bioactive DNA Selleck Epigenetic inhibitor across cell has been one of the most difficult

endeavours. DNA is easily degraded by circulating and intracellular deoxyribonucleases. Notwithstanding, it must also be delivered intact across the cell and nucleolar membranes to the nucleus. Liposomes have, thus, proved to achieve efficient Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical intracellular delivery of DNA [48]. Such liposomes are prepared from phospholipids with an amine hydrophilic head group. The amines may be either quaternary ammonium, tertiary, secondary, or primary, and the Adenylyl cyclase liposomes prepared in this way are commonly referred to as cationic liposomes since they possess a positive surface charge at physiological pH (Figure 4). Figure 4 A Schematic representation of a DNA-Liposome complex. Although the experimental data have demonstrated that cationic liposomes can facilitate the transfer of DNA into live mammalian cells, there are still major problems that need to be overcome in order to effectively achieve the goal. These include a reduction in the rapid clearance of cationic liposomes and the production of efficiently targeted liposomes.