The pathogenetic substrate of these changes might include adaptive remodeling of neural circuits and secondary reactive gliosis in brain regions that undergo significant functional changes during

the migraine attacks. Although VBM holds the potential to yield valuable advances, the data it generates still have to be considered with caution. The method, although largely automated and applicable throughout the entire brain, requires large sample sizes to provide stable results and may lack consistency across studies.86 Its robustness is affected by the type and level of correction, modulation of data, adjustment for brain size, software version, and other parameters and analyses.87 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a sensitive MRI technique based on water diffusion through brain

tissue, allows visualization of the orientation and anisotropy of white IWR 1 selleck chemicals llc and grey matter, and identifies microstructural damage that affects water diffusivity (such as degree of myelination, and density or orientation of axons). Patients with migraine with and without aura had reduced mean diffusivity peaks in apparently normal brain tissue compared with controls.88 DaSilva and collaborators89 showed that migraineurs displayed a thicker somatosensory cortex than controls, especially in the caudal part, where the trigeminal area, including head and face, is somatotopically represented. Of note, this study also concluded that migraineurs without aura had lower fractional anisotropy 上海皓元 in the ventrolateral PAG. A larger study, however,90 failed to identify

any alterations in the thickness of somatosensory, cingulated, and visual motion-processing cortices in migraineurs. A recent study aimed at finding microstructural alterations in the brain of migraine patients by means of diffusion-weighted imaging used a novel approach based on fine-tuned nonlinear registration and non-parametric permutation test in an alignment-invariant tract representation (Tract-Based Spatial Statistics).91 Investigators reported diminished fractional anisotropy in the right frontal white matter cluster of migraine patients. In the same region, increased mean diffusivity and increased radial diffusivity were noted. The probabilistic tractography revealed this cluster’s connection to other parts of the pain network (orbitofrontal cortex, insula, thalamus, dorsal midbrain). These findings point to potential maladaptive plastic changes or white matter disintegration in the brain of migraineurs. Functional and Metabolic Correlates.— Several reports noted that migraine sufferers show abnormalities in visual motion perception during and between attacks. High-resolution cortical thickness measurement and DTI of the visual motion-processing network found increased cortical thickness of motion-processing visual areas MT+ and V3A in migraineurs compared with HCs.92 Cortical thickness increases were accompanied by abnormalities of the subjacent white matter.