and were subjected to further biochemical and molecular confirmation techniques. Isolation of Cronobacter spp. from food, herbs find more andenvironmental samples Cronobacter spp. were isolated from different food and herbal samples Epigenetics inhibitor according to the FDA method [43] with modification. Briefly, 100 g of each sample were mixed thoroughly with 900 ml of pre-warmed sterile

distilled water at 45°C, and incubated for 15-20 min in a water bath at the same temperature. Ten milliliters of each mixture were resuspended in 90 ml of Enterobacteriaceae enrichment broth (EE, HighMedia, India) and incubated overnight at 37°C. A loop full of the culture broth was streaked onto Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar (VRBGA, HighMedia, India) and another 0.1 ml of the same culture was spread onto VRBGA agar plates and incubated for 20-24 h at 37°C. All colonies were streaked onto tryptic soy agar (TSA) and incubated for 24-48 h at 37°C to look for the characteristic yellow colonies of Cronobacter spp. All colonies that check details appeared yellow on TSA were picked and subjected to further characterization using biochemical, chromogenic, PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Confirmed cultures were preserved

in EE broth containing 20% glycerol and stored at -80°C for further studies. Biochemical characterization by API 20E test strips Presumptive identification of oxidase-negative yellow colonies was performed by API 20E (Remel and/or BioMerieux, USA) biochemical profiling test according to manufacturer’s instructions. Chromogenic assays for environmental isolates API 20E Cronobacter spp. positive isolates were streaked onto nutrient agar containing 4-methyl-umbelliferyl

α-D-glucoside (α-MUG, Oxoid, UK,) a substrate which upon being metabolized forms yellow colonies that fluoresce under UV light. The same isolates were then further confirmed by streaking onto DFI chromogenic agar containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-α, D-glucopyranoside (XαGlc, Oxoid, UK,) which upon hydrolysis of the substrate gives blue/green colonies typical for Cronobacter spp. Further, the presumptive isolates were inoculated onto the EsPM Teicoplanin chromogenic medium (R & F Laboratories, Downers Grove, IL) on which typical Cronobacter spp. colonies appeared blue/black as described by Restaino et al. [21]. Molecular confirmation of the isolates using PCR and sequencing Eight sets of Cronobacter spp.-specific primers were used in the study and are listed in Table 1. Primers SG-F/SG-R and SI-F/SI-R, originally described by Liu et al. [44], were deduced from alignment of the internal transcribed spacer sequences. Primers Saka 1a -F/Saka 2b-R described by Hassan et al. [45] were deduced from variable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Primers ESSF/ESSR described by Nair and Venkitanarayanan [46] were deduced from the OmpA gene. Two primer sets reported by Kothary et al. [13] were deduced from the zpx gene. Lastly, PCR primers reported by Lehner et al.