, 2005; Christiansen & Adolfssen, 2007). Here we found that the cranial morphology

of M. dimidiata shows the same traits: adaptation for a wide gape that probably reduces bite force, and occipital morphology suggesting powerful neck muscles. Christiansen (2011) suggests that there could be several histochemical and anatomical Poziotinib nmr adaptations to increase the force of mandibular adductor muscles to compensate for reduced lever arms. However, there are no experimental comparative studies of the bite mechanics of M. dimidiata, and the anatomy and physiology of this didelphid are poorly known. Further experimental studies of the bite force of M. dimidiata in comparison with that of other marsupials, and studies of neck and mandible adductor muscles could provide relevant information to improve our understanding of the bite mechanics of fossil sabretoothed predators. The evolutionary sequence and selective forces resulting in the extreme sabretooth condition remain unclear. The hypertrophied canines of M. dimidiata seem to be strongly selected for agonistic behaviour between males, owing to the strong selective pressure derived from the semelparous condition. The robust forearms (as the inter-epicondylar index indicates, see Table 3) may also be related to intraspecific fighting that involves energetic forearm movements (González & Claramunt,

2000). However, the canines are fully functional for killing large prey as several studies have shown R788 in vitro (Busch & Kravetz, 1991; González & Claramunt, 2000), and the canines are relatively the largest among living marsupial predators (see Table 4). When competing for mates and during aggressive encounters, canine display is very important in M. dimidiata and several other carnivorous marsupials (González & Claramunt,

2000; Croft, 2003). Therefore, hypertrophied canines can improve the reproductive success of M. dimidiata males, providing the selective pressures towards a primitive sabretooth 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 condition. Gittleman & Van Valkenburgh (1997) claimed that dimorphic canines are associated with sexual selection pressures. A low level of sexual dimorphism was identified in Smilodon fatalis (Van Valkenburgh & Sacco, 2002; Christiansen & Harris, 2012), but Antón et al. (2004) identified sexual dimorphism in the size of the upper canines of Machairodus aphanistus. Similar studies on more basal sabretooth groups have not been conducted, but a recent study debated the question of sexual dimorphism in sabretooth cats, and claimed that sexual dimorphism could have been important in extinct Felidae (Turner et al., 2011). Perhaps, hypertrophied canines were exaptations for functions other than those related to the ability to kill large prey (see, e.g. Turner & Antón, 1997; Turner et al., 2011 and references therein). Pine et al. (1985) consider that intersexual differences in craniodental dimensions in M.