, 2008). Large-scale dissemination and implementation programs are enormously costly, and although there have been considerable conceptual advances in the study of dissemination and implementation, even the most prominent dissemination and implementation programs have yet to achieve the gains targeted at program outset ( Comer & Barlow, 2014). Sustainability poses a serious threat to implementation (see Stirman et al., 2012), and although dissemination models highlight the need for dissemination, in practice sustainability is rarely pursued actively ( Lyon et al., 2011), particularly at the organizational level (see Beidas & Kendall, 2010). Common factors that interfere with organizational

sustainability include low levels of agency support, the absence of internal program champions, and fluctuating and insufficient agency resources ( Atkins et al., 2003 and Glisson et al., 2008). Treatment complexity AZD5363 price Selleck VX 809 also influences the ongoing uptake of evidence-based practice in community mental health settings. Rogers (2003) notes how innovations across all fields that are too complex

do not get routinely incorporated with fidelity into general practice (Rogers). Regrettably, busy practitioners may not have adequate time to truly master all of the nuances of a highly complex treatment protocol like PCIT. Rogers notes that practitioners across disciplines show preference for “”plug-and-play,”" and “”user-friendly”" procedures (Rogers). Indeed, programs like PCIT, with its use of a one-way mirror, a highly structured coding

system, and strong emphasis on live coaching, may be too complex for broad dissemination ( Comer & Barlow, 2014), seriously limiting the extent of its availability to families in need. Cost and transportation issues constrain accessibility. Considerable numbers of families have no way to get to a clinic and many families report that children’s mental health care is too expensive or too far away ( Owens et al., 2002). Children living in low-income or remote communities are particularly unlikely to receive treatments. Problems of perceived treatment acceptability are displayed through high rates of stigma-related beliefs; approximately 25% of families report negative attitudes regarding visiting a mental health facility (Owens et al.). As previously noted, advances Galeterone in computer technology in recent years have rapidly transformed how we work and communicate. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 committed several billions of dollars to expand broadband Internet access in underserved areas (111th United States Congress, 2009). Household Internet access is sharply rising, and it is conceivable that in the coming years Internet access will show similar household ubiquity to that currently seen for telephones. These innovations are already impacting and transforming health care delivery (Field & Grigsby, 2002).