, 2013). The reason for the high ikaite concentrations on the top of sea ice should be the same as in the first case; the increase in ikaite concentration in the bottom of sea ice is probably caused by the increase in pH due to the photosynthetic activity. Brine pH has been reported

to be as high as 10 in sea ice (Gleitz et al., 1995). As a result, although the brine concentration in the bottom of sea ice is low due to the warm sea ice, the dramatic increase in brine pH due to the photosynthetic activity would greatly increase the CO32 − fraction thus enhancing the likelihood of ikaite precipitation in sea ice, even though the concentrations of Ca2 + and DIC are low due to relatively warmer sea ice. It is important to point out that in our experimental design, the solution ubiquitin-Proteasome degradation pH was kept constant during the course of experiment. However, in natural sea ice, the precipitation of ikaite will lead to a decrease in pH, resulting in a decrease in solution supersaturation. As a consequence, the equilibrium between the solid phase and liquid phase could be established in a short time and thus the precipitation will cease until the equilibrium

is broken again by further concentration of brine solution and/or pH change. The effect of physico-chemical processes in sea ice on calcium carbonate precipitation was investigated. Ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O) is the only polymorph of calcium carbonate precipitated under all studied experimental conditions in artificial seawater (ASW), suggesting Enzalutamide cell line that

ikaite is very likely the only polymorph of calcium carbonate formed in natural sea ice as well. PO4 is PFKL crucial for ikaite formation in the NaCl medium. However, it is not important for ikaite formation under ASW conditions. pH is the controlling factor in ikaite precipitation due to its strong impact on CO32 − concentrations. Ionic strength has two opposite thermodynamic effects on ikaite precipitation, as the change in solution ionic strength affects the CO32 − concentrations and the activities of Ca2 + and CO32 − in opposite directions. The increase in ionic strength could also kinetically accelerate the ikaite nucleation rate. In ASW, the presence of inhibitor ions could strongly retard ikaite precipitation. The large variations in PO4 concentrations have no impact on ikaite precipitation, indicating that ikaite precipitation is neither thermodynamically nor kinetically affected by PO4. Gernot Nehrke is supported by the DFG by grant NE 1564/1-1 (SPP 1158). Yu-Bin Hu is the beneficiary of a doctoral grant from the AXA Research Fund. “
“The authors regret the corrections and wish to replace the below Supplementary material. “
“The authors regret the need for corrections and wish to replace the information below in the Supplementary material. Figure S1.