48,49 Enhanced visual activation when viewing emotional stimuli is consistent with observed improvements in behavioral performance across several tasks. For instance, there is some evidence that angry and happy faces are detected faster in visual search tasks,50 and possibly other emotional stimuli, too, such as a snake or spider51 (but see ref 52). Stronger evidence comes from studies of the attentional blink paradigm, in which

subjects are asked to report the occurrence of two targets (T1 and T2) among a rapid stream of visual stimuli. When T2 follows Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical T1 by a brief delay, participants are more likely to miss it, as if they had blinked (hence the name). The attentional blink, which is believed to reflect a capacity-limited processing stage, has been shown to be modulated by Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical emotional stimuli, as subjects are significantly better at detecting T2 when it is, for instance, an emotion-laden word (eg, “rape”) than

when it is a neutral word.53 Converging evidence for a link between perception, attention, and emotion comes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from additional studies. For example, patients who present with unilateral inattention due to spatial hemineglect (often as a result of right hemisphere parietal lesions) are better at detecting happy or angry faces compared with neutral ones.54 These findings are consistent with the notion that emotional faces may direct the allocation of attention. For instance, in one study, emotional faces were flashed at spatial locations that subsequently displayed low-contrast visual stimuli.55 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Subjects exhibited improved performance for detecting targets shown at those locations, suggesting that attention was deployed to them, thereby facilitating visual SNS-032 solubility dmso detection (see also ref 48). What are the mechanisms subserving the increase

in perceptual processing and attentional capture that are observed during the perception of affective stimuli? Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Some evidence links the amygdala with these effects. For instance, patients with amygdala lesions do not exhibit improved detection of T2 emotional targets during the attentional blink (ie, do not show a decrease in the magnitude of the blink),56 and may not exhibit increased responses in visual cortex during the viewing of fearful Thymidine kinase faces57 (but see ref 58 for evidence that the amygdala is not required for at least some effects). Consistent with the involvement of the amygdala, in a recent study of the attentional blink, we observed that trial-by-trial fluctuations of responses in the amygdala were predictive of behavioral performance in the task – the greater the evoked response, the higher the likelihood that the subject would correctly detect an emotional T2 stimulus.