7%) of the colonies that formed originated from CD49fhi cells (Fig. 2D). These data, together with the LDA results, definitively demonstrate that CD49f enriches for candidate gallbladder stem cells. We observed the formation of two distinct types of colonies in EpCAM+CD49f+ gallbladder cultures at p0. The http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BI6727-Volasertib.html first type consisted of large colonies with an undifferentiated phenotype comprising small cells with a large nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (Fig 3A,B, red arrowheads). We termed these the “flat colonies.” The second type was smaller, more organized colonies called “glandular colonies” with an organotypic phenotype consisting of cells organized around a lumen (Fig. 3A,B, white

arrowheads). Flat colonies were more numerous than glandular ones. TEM on the flat colonies revealed a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (Fig. 3C). These cells have defined apical-basolateral polarity, apical microvilli, and appear to secrete basement membrane at their basolateral surface. They also have interdigitating lateral membranes and junctional apparatus typical of gallbladder

epithelial cells. Conversely, the glandular colonies consist of columnar epithelial cells organized around a central lumen (Fig. 3C) and exhibit junctional apparatus. Unlike PDGFR inhibitor flat colonies, numerous secretory granules are seen in their apical cytoplasm, and secretory products are present in their lumen (Fig. 3C). The flat and glandular colonies are distinct by morphology and ultrastructure. Importantly, only the flat colonies are observed at late passages (Fig. 3A), indicating that the glandular colonies are not capable of long-term Amisulpride self-renewal (>p3). To test this hypothesis, we passaged single colonies from p0 cultures. None of the glandular colonies could be successfully repassaged (Fig. 3D). This suggests that serial passage of the gallbladder cells past the first expansion enriches for EpCAM+CD49f+ cells that form

flat colonies. Because we found no additional markers to further purify gallbladder stem cells, we hypothesized that the cells past the first expansion are candidate stem cells. To determine their stemness, we tested whether the expanded EpCAM+CD49f+ gallbladder cells could satisfy the stem cell criteria of clonogenic self-renewal and lineage commitment. We developed a novel invitro differentiation assay by utilizing the basement membrane extracellular matrix, Matrigel. Matrigel has been shown to promote or maintain the differentiation or three-dimensional (3D) morphogenesis of numerous cell lines and primary cells, including hepatocytes and IHBD cells.23-25 In our assay, expanded EpCAM+CD49f+ gallbladder cells (>p1) were mixed with serum-free media and layered above with Matrigel (Fig. 4A). Within 1 week, we noticed the formation of two distinct morphogenetic structures—ductular structures that adhered to the plastic (Fig. 4B) and cysts that were suspended in the Matrigel (Fig. 4C).