9. Centers of excellence in nanotechnology research and development should be established with state-of-art facilities for nanotechnology in African universities and research institutes.

In these centers, specialized trainings can be organized for personnel as to fast improve on human resource requirements.   10.  States and viable local governments should be encouraged as much as possible to start their own independent nanotechnology initiatives/programs in their various areas of interest. In other words, all government levels: federal, state, and local should be mobilized to enter into linkage/collaboration with developed countries Repotrectinib supplier in terms of training and development of human resources

such as sponsoring at least three PhD students in nanoscience and technology for training/fellowship abroad on annual basis for the next 10 years.   11.  The government of African nations should encourage established industries within the country (expatriate/indigenous companies) to explore the area of nanotechnology in their future investments. These industries should work in collaborations YM155 clinical trial with universities in these areas of research.   12.  Government and researchers can establish nanoscience centers or float nanotechnology companies that will promote a specific nanoproduct to Selleck Saracatinib ensure technological growth and enhance the economy of the nation as well. This will promote employment/job activities in nanotechnology (especially in the area of research and development).   13.  Research grants should also be made available to Masters/PhD students willing to work in this area.   14.  Researchers in research institutes should also be motivated by giving them reasonable incentive in the form of research grants and all forms of moral support.   15.  Government and

researchers should focus on our available natural resources: how they can be harnessed/maximized using nanotechnology.   Conclusions Fossariinae Nanotechnology is the material transformation, advancement, and development of our time. Many nations of the world including some developing countries have since launched their nanotechnology programs and are at various levels of success. African nations and indeed other developing nations at the expression of interest stage can also embrace the challenges with vigor and determination to make it by establishing a fortified nanoscience/nanotechnology program in their country through proper curriculum development, timely legislation, and budgetary funding/investment and collaborations in partnership with the private sector and donor nations/agencies. The long-term economic benefits will surely increase the country’s sustainability and global competitiveness.