AR blockade increased cytoplasmic beta-catenin at D2 and reduced levels of both myogenic proteins. Conclusion: Myogenic proteins are present in CM cells containing beta-catenin. AR blockade did not alter cellular adhesion via beta-catenin. In contrast, blocking AR prevented beta-catenin entering the nucleus and impaired CM myogenesis. Mutations in this pathway may result in idiopathic cryptorchidism. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Whey and casein labeled with L-[1-C-13]leucine and

muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 300: E231-E242, 2011. First published November 2, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2010.-Muscle protein turnover following resistance exercise and amino acid availability AZD7762 clinical trial are relatively well described. By contrast,

the beneficial effects of different sources of intact proteins in relation to exercise need further investigation. Our objective was to compare muscle anabolic responses to a single bolus intake of whey or casein after performance of heavy resistance exercise. Young male individuals were randomly assigned to participate SB203580 inhibitor in two protein trials (n = 9) or one control trial (n = 8). Infusion of L-[1-C-13]leucine was carried out, and either whey, casein (0.3 g/kg lean body mass), or a noncaloric control drink was ingested immediately after exercise. L-[1-C-13]leucine-labeled whey and casein were used while PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 cell line muscle protein synthesis (MPS) was assessed. Blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to measure systemic hormone and amino acid concentrations, tracer enrichments, and myofibrillar protein synthesis. Western blots were used to investigate the Akt signaling pathway. Plasma insulin and branched-chain amino acid concentrations increased to a greater extent after ingestion

of whey compared with casein. Myofibrillar protein synthesis was equally increased 1-6 h postexercise after whey and casein intake, both of which were higher compared with control (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of Akt and p70(S6K) was increased after exercise and protein intake (P < 0.05), but no differences were observed between the types of protein except for total 4E-BP1, which was higher after whey intake than after casein intake (P < 0.05). In conclusion, whey and casein intake immediately after resistance exercise results in an overall equal MPS response despite temporal differences in insulin and amino acid concentrations and 4E-BP1.”
“A number of recent studies have examined functional connectivity in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), generally converging on the finding of reduced interregional coordination, or underconnectivity. Underconnectivity has been reported between many brain regions and across a range of cognitive tasks, and has been proposed to underlie behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with ASD.