Before and after genetic sonogram, state and trait-anxiety was measured.
The mean state anxiety score before genetic sonogram was statistically, significantly higher than the mean score after the examination. Before genetic sonogram, the mean state-anxiety score of the women with high risk for fetal chromosomal/structural defects was significantly higher than the mean score of women with low risk. Following genetic sonogram,
although the anxiety scores decreased, the scores of women with high risk still remained significantly higher than the scores of women with low risk and the anxiety scores significantly further increased among women with a positive minor or major ultrasound finding.
Genetic sonogram presents an anxiety-inducing situation for the parents-to-be. The level selleck compound of experienced anxiety was found to be proportional to the level of the perceived risk. Women with low Selleckchem Compound C risk for chromosomal/structural defects experienced lower anxiety than women with high risk. Following the examination, women with a negative result were found to have a significant reduction of anxiety and emotional relief whereas a positive test result led to a further increase in anxiety scores.”
“Background: Individual human subjects are differentially attractive to mosquitoes and other biting insects. Previous investigations have demonstrated that this
can be attributed partly to enhanced production of natural repellent chemicals by those individuals that attract few mosquitoes in the laboratory. The most important compounds in this respect include three this website aldehydes, octanal, nonanal and decanal, and two ketones, 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one and geranylacetone [(E) 6,10 dimethylundeca 5,9 dien 2 one]. In olfactometer trials, these compounds interfered with attraction of mosquitoes to a host and consequently show promise as novel mosquito repellents.
Methods: To test whether these chemicals could provide protection against mosquitoes, laboratory repellency trials were carried out to test the chemicals individually at different concentrations and in different mixtures and ratios with three major disease vectors: Anopheles gambiae,
Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti.
Results: Up to 100% repellency was achieved depending on the type of repellent compound tested, the concentration and the relative composition of the mixture. The greatest effect was observed by mixing together two compounds, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and geranylacetone in a 1: 1 ratio. This mixture exceeded the repellency of DEET when presented at low concentrations. The repellent effect of this mixture was maintained over several hours. Altering the ratio of these compounds significantly affected the behavioural response of the mosquitoes, providing evidence for the ability of mosquitoes to detect and respond to specific mixtures and ratios of natural repellent compounds that are associated with host location.