But they may provide imaging characteristics similar to the situation in humans with a single comparatively well-defined lesion. The multifocal tumour growth in the SPC-raf transgenic animal model examined in this study limits direct application of established radiological imaging techniques in humans. However, it has already been reported that this animal model allows examination of the potential relevance of human protooncogenes or disabled tumour suppressor genes in an immunologically competent environment.

Thus, aspects of human carcinogenesis may be better understood highlighting the clinically translational aspects of the research. In the animals examined in this study tumour growth seemed to occur at a later point of time in male animals as compared to female animals, furthermore females MEK inhibitor cancer showed clinical signs of tumour necessitating to sacrifice the animals ICG-001 in vivo earlier compared to male animals (Table1). This has not been reported for the SPC-raf transgenic animal model, yet. However, due to the genetic mechanism of tumour induction in this model it might represent a relevant finding to understand lung tumour carcinogenesis. Further experiments have to be performed in order to validate the potential finding and present a hypothesis

for the origin. The primary focus of this study was to demonstrate the use of micro-CT for assessment of tumour load and growth. The issue demonstrates the potential additional benefit of the method for assessment of cofactors affecting carcinogenesis applying intraindividual time-course assessment. Micro-CT imaging applying the setup described above did not result in adverse events, even though

animals had advanced tumour stages at the later time www.selleckchem.com/products/R788(Fostamatinib-disodium).html points. In synopsis with other studies performed we attribute this to the use of isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia, respiratory monitoring and the use of a heating blanket. We performed prospective respiratory gating as it has been reported to significantly increase image quality. However, more sophisticated gating techniques such as retrospective or intrinsic gating or high-speed single-breath hold techniques could further optimize imaging [19–22]. MRI has been reported to allow high spatial resolution imaging of the lung. Martiniova et al. even second reported better detection of small lesions with MRI as compared to micro-CT [7]. Optical imaging techniques or micro-PET enable assessment of functional parameters but have limitations in high resolution imaging of morphology [8, 23]. Various post-processing strategies have been reported allowing precise evaluation of specific aspects of the image data. Dose measurements for the applied micro-CT protocol were performed in a phantom and ex-vivo in previous studies. The effective dose calculated from these measurements was 154 mGy for the selected protocol.