For example, non pharmacological treatment with garlic preparation is suggested to most reduce blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. The side effects, particularly on male reproduction, of such Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries a chronic treatment are poorly investigated. To date, it has been reported that heated garlic juice was effective in recovery of testicular function after experimental testicular hypogonadism but other laboratories have reported that powder or crude garlic preparations impaired testicular and male reproductive tract functions. Moreover, garlic metabolites such as diallyl trisulfide have been reported to have spermicidal effects. The mechanisms of garlic action on male reproduction func tion, and particularly on spermatogenesis, however, remain unknown.

In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of action of chronic consumption of crude garlic on testicu lar functions. We tried to identify the cellular and molec ular targets of crude garlic administrated in various doses to adult male rats. The last step of apoptosis, before the irreversible cleavage of crucial proteins and endonuclease activation, is Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries under the control of effector caspases named Caspase 3, 6 or 7. Caspase 3 has been studied extensively Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and is known to be synthesized as a pro enzyme which needs cleavage to be active. Activation and or activity of CASP3, 7 or 9 is regulated by the Inhib itors of Apoptosis Proteins. IAPs share a common domain known as BIR, that binds to and inhibits CASP3, 7 or 9. Among the IAP family are XIAP, BIRC3, BIRC2 and BIRC5. A third level of regulation has also been observed.

IAP action can be inhibited by mitochondrial proteins such as DIABLO. There fore, the fate of the cell at the executioner step of apoptosis depends on the relative quantity of each actor effector caspase. IAPs and IAP inhibitors, such as DIABLO. In addition to the caspase pathway, the AIFM1 Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries exists, which is a phylogenetically ancient mitochondrial inter membrane flavoprotein endowed with the unique capac ity to induce caspase independent peripheral chromatin condensation and large scale DNA fragmentation when added to purified nuclei. Methods Materials TRIzol, Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase and deoxynucleotide triphosphates were obtained from Life Technologies, Inc.Protease inhibitor cocktail, calf thymus deoxynu cleotidyl Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries terminal transferase and biotin 16 deoxyuridine 5 triphosphate were obtained from Roche Molecular Biochemicals.

Sigma was the source for random hexanucle otides, acrylamide bisacrylamide 37. 5 1, Biomax MR films, deoxyribonuclease I, ACTIN antibody, diaminobenzidine, nickel chloride, cobalt chloride, selleck chemical Abiraterone sodium cacodylate and Fast Red. Taq polymerase was purchased from Promega Corp.Bovine serum albumin was pur chased from Euromedex. The SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent kit was obtained from Pierce.