Future model sensitivity and uncertainty analyses can help identify key factors and research needs to inform exposure measurement researchers and environmental health decision-makers. Collecting data for key inputs will reduce uncertainty for enhancing SHEDS-Multimedia model predictions in future applications. This data will also be relevant and applicable to other model research groups. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, funded and managed the

research described here. It has been subjected to agency administrative review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The authors declare no conflict of interest. In the U.S. EPA’s Office selleck inhibitor of Research and Development we thank Andrew Geller, Brad Schultz, Roy Fortmann, selleck chemicals llc Halûk Özkaynak, and Kristin Isaacs for their support of the SHEDS-Multimedia model. We gratefully acknowledge David Miller, Steve Nako, Matthew Crowley, Charles Smith, Kelly Lowe, and Victor Miller in the U.S. EPA’s

Office of Pesticide Programs for assisting with pyrethroid inputs and reviewing an early draft of this paper. We also acknowledge Alion Science and Technology for their contribution to the SHEDS-Residential model. “
“Chemicals such as phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS), used in a wide variety of consumer products, are suspected endocrine disrupters although their level of toxicity is thought to be low. Combined exposure may occur through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure, and their toxic as well as combined effects are

poorly understood. Phthalates are industrial chemicals which are used for a wide range of applications. They are primarily used as plasticizers in PVC found in consumer products such as shoes, gloves and packing materials as well as in building materials, floorings and wall coverings. Some Tolmetin phthalates are also used in non-plastic products such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, paints and adhesives (Frederiksen et al., 2007 and Wittassek et al., 2011). Phthalates can be released from products and exposure may occur in humans through food, dust, air and direct use of personal care products (Janjua et al., 2008, Wittassek and Angerer, 2008 and Wormuth et al., 2006). After absorption, the parent phthalates are metabolized into respective monoesters, which can be further hydroxylated, oxidized and/or glucuronidated before excretion in urine as free or conjugated monoesters (Frederiksen et al., 2007). The presence of phthalate metabolites in urine indicates recent exposure to respective parent compound (Townsend et al., 2013). Some phthalates, such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) are endocrine disrupters.