In addition to the full-factorial model, we conducted a conjunction analysis across both linguistic tasks to examine whether both tasks

recruit overlapping brain areas. For the analysis of fMRI data, the resulting statistical DAPT Inhibitor parameter maps were thresholded at P < 0.001 uncorrected. All brain areas surviving this threshold are reported in the results section. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical However, we restrict the discussion of data to effects found in a priori regions of interest (ROI) such as inferior and middle frontal regions, inferior parietal, middle, superior, and inferior temporal regions including the fusiform gyrus. We report the significance level at the peak level and at the cluster level corrected for multiple comparisons (family-wise error [FWE] corrected P-values). Only clusters of at least 25 connected

voxels (i.e., 675 mm3) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical are reported. Given the a priori hypothesis of linguistic task effects in the LIFG, we also ran ROI analyses using small but volume correction (SVC) implemented in SPM8. It is recommended to derive the location for the ROI from meta-analyses of functional imaging studies that explored the process of interest like “semantic processing” (Poldrack 2007; Poldrack et al. 2011). ROI analyses Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were performed with 15 mm spheres around the peak voxel (a) in the LIFG (MNI coordinates: x = −44, y = 24, z = 4, see Fig. S1 for location) showing activation for “semantic processing” in a meta-analysis provided by the Neurosynth database (source: http://neurosynth.org/terms/semantic-processing; number of implemented studies: 60), and (b) in the LIFG (MNI coordinates: x = −36, y = 33, z = −12) showing linguistic task effects in the Wright et

al. (2011) study. Although statistical effects drawn from ROI analyses Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical should be corrected for multiple comparisons (cf., Poldrack 2007), we used liberal significance thresholds of P < 0.005 (uncorrected) with at least five connected voxels to avoid Type-II errors (cf., Lieberman and Cunningham Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2009). For labeling of brain regions, we transformed MNI-coordinates to the Talairach space and used the “Talairach Daemon Client” (Lancaster et al. 1997, 2000). All coordinates were reported in MNI space in the results section. Results Experiment 1 Behavioral data obtained Anacetrapib in the MRI scanner Reaction times The mean RTs averaged across participants and items and the standard errors of the mean (SEM) are displayed in Table ​Table2.2. We subjected the correct RTs to an omnibus test consisting of a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by participants (F1) and by items (F2) in which Relatedness (2 levels: related, unrelated) was considered as a within-subjects factor and in which List (4 levels: list 1, list 2, list 3, list 4) was considered as between-subject factor. The factor List was introduced merely to extract any variance due to the counterbalancing of critical items.