In this study, we explored the role of EPIYA-containing C-terminal domain (CTD) in CagA tethering to the membrane lipid rafts and in IL-8 activity. We found that disruption of the lipid rafts reduced the

level of CagA translocation/phosphorylation as well as CagA-mediated IL-8 secretion. By CagA truncated mutagenesis, we identified that the CTD, rather than the N-terminal domain, was responsible for CagA tethering to the plasma membrane and association with detergent-resistant membranes, leading to CagA-induced IL-8 promoter activity. Our results suggest that CagA CTD-containing EPIYAs directly interact with cholesterol-rich microdomains this website that induce efficient IL-8 secretion in the epithelial cells. Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that inhabits approximately half of the world’s human population (Marshall, 2002). Persistent H. pylori infection in human gastric mucosa induces gastritis and leads to the progression of several types of gastrointestinal diseases, including duodenal and gastric ulcers and gastric cancer or

lymphoma (Eck et al., 1997). Virulent H. pylori strains carry the cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI), which encodes members of the type IV secretion system (TFSS) and an immunodominant antigen called cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) (Backert et al., 2000). The TFSS mediates translocation

of CagA into host cells (Segal et al., 1999), where tyrosine phosphorylation of Selleck Tacrolimus CagA is mediated by c-Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) (Odenbreit et al., 2000). In addition, c-Abl, along with c-Src, has been shown to phosphorylate CagA, which leads to cell migration (Poppe et al., Acetophenone 2007). Phosphorylated CagA binds to and activates the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 and deregulates SHP-2 phosphatase activity (Higashi et al., 2002), which subsequently stimulates the RAS/ERK pathway and induces host cell scattering and proliferation (Mimuro et al., 2002). One mechanism by which H. pylori escapes immune surveillance is by assimilating and modifying cellular cholesterol (Wunder et al., 2006), an important component of lipid rafts, which are dynamic microdomains in the exoplasmic leaflet of lipid bilayer membranes (Brown & London, 1998). For in vitro studies, the integrity of lipid rafts is usually preserved using the cold-detergent extraction method in the presence of non-ionic detergents such as Triton X-100, whereas disruption of lipid rafts is performed using the cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) (Simons et al., 2002).