Lacouture et al. described a retrospective study of 152 Volasertib PLK patients treated with cetuximab in which 27 cases of paronychia developed for an incidence of 17.7% (19). Forty-two culture swabs were performed and all cultures grew some organisms. Nosocomial colonization with coagulase-negative gram-positive bacteria was found in 31% and Staphylococcus aureus infection was found in 23%. Recommendations for minimizing

periungual trauma include comfortable shoes, keeping nails trimmed but Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical avoiding aggressive manicuring, and wearing gloves for protection while cleaning and doing housework. Topical corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory doses of tetracyclines may help decrease periungual inflammation while antimicrobial soaks such as dilute bleach

in water or dilute white vinegar in water can prevent superinfection. The periungual pyogenic granuloma-like lesions clinically appear as friable vascular tissue overgrowth and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical commonly bleed. Local trauma may precede development of the lesions or aggravate them leading to increased symptoms of bleeding. Santiago et al. studied fourteen patients on EGFR inhibitors cetuximib or erlotinib and observed that five patients developed periungual pyogenic granulomas and four of these patients also had paronychia (20). The pyogenic granulomas Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical occurred an average of eight weeks after beginning Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical treatment. Medical intervention may be necessary to eliminate excessive granulation

tissue and treatment options include electrocautery, silver nitrate, and nail avulsion. Abnormalities of the hair can develop in patients taking EGFR inhibitors. Patients may experience hypertrichosis or increased hair growth. Specifically, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical increased hair growth of the eyebrows and eyelashes (trichomegaly) may occur (Figure 6). Patients can also develop scalp alopecia, which may be scarring or nonscarring. Figure 6 Trichomegaly during EGFR inhibitor treatment Cutaneous superinfections can complicate the cutaneous toxicities affecting patients treated with EGFR inhibitors (Figure 7). Several studies have been conducted to explore the microbiology of these infections. Amitay-Laish et al. studied 29 patients on EGFR inhibitors cetuximab or erlotinib and found that 24 patients had a papulopustular reaction (21). They divided this cohort Batimastat into two groups based on when they developed the papulopustular eruption. The early phase group contained seventeen patients and had a median onset at 8 days. The late phase group had a median onset at 200 days and contained seven patients. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 7 of 13 early phase patients and in all 7 late phase patients. The high incidence of staphylococcal infection demonstrates the importance of bacterial cultures in the assessment and treatment of EFGR inhibitor eruptions.