Microbiol Rev 1979,43(1):73–102.PubMed 48. Franklin MJ, Chitnis CE, Gacesa P, Sonesson A, White DC, Ohman DE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgG is a polymer level alginate C5-mannuronan epimerase. J Bacteriol 1994,176(7):1821–1830.PubMed 49. Palmer KL, Brown SA, Whiteley M: Membrane-bound nitrate reductase is required for anaerobic growth in cystic fibrosis sputum. J Bacteriol 2007,189(12):4449–4455.selleckchem PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions KFK identified the P. aeruginosa

ampG orthologs, PA4218(ampP) and PA4393(ampG), constructed the ampG and ampP insertional mutants, as well as the lacZ transcriptional fusion strains, performed the β-lactamase buy Evofosfamide and β-galactosidase assays and prepared the first draft of the manuscript. AA constructed and assayed the LacZ and PhoA fusions. LS performed the reverse transcription PCR analysis, determined MICs and assisted with data analysis, figure preparation and wrote the submitted draft of the manuscript. KM conceived

of the study, participated in its design and execution and helped in manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem with a high mortality worldwide [1]. During the infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to remain dormant in the human host without causing active disease for prolonged periods. Despite the importance of latency in the epidemiology and pathology of TB, it is not clear how M. tuberculosis controls the latent state in human host. However, to achieve, maintain, or escape from the latent CFTRinh-172 price state, M. tuberculosis must carefully Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase regulate cell division by sensing and responding to specific signals in the host environment. To successfully complete this essential process, the M. tuberculosis genome contains a wide variety of transcription regulators, surface receptors, and signaling molecules including eleven “”eukaryotic-type”" Ser/Thr protein

kinases (STPKs) [2]. We previously showed that two of these kinases, PknA and PknB, are key components of a signal transduction pathway that regulates cell morphology [3]. One substrate of these kinases we identified is Wag31, a homolog of the cell-division protein DivIVA in other Gram-positive bacteria [4, 5]. DivIVA functions in cell division in many Gram-positive bacteria, but the specific roles it plays vary in a species-specific manner. For instance, Bacillus subtilis DivIVA has dual functions in this microorganism: it is required for appropriate septum placement by confining the MinCD cell division inhibitory complex at the cell poles in vegetative cells, and it facilitates chromosome segregation by interacting with the oriC complex in sporulating cells [6–8]. In contrast, DivIVA in Streptomyces coelicolor is essential for hyphal tip growth, and DivIVA homologs in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Brevibacterium lactofermentum are localized to the cell poles and are required for their polar growth [4, 9, 10].