Most of the patients were males (60%) and middle-aged, findings similar to patients with duodenal obstruction (Table 1). Despite unavailable data in the literature, it seems that obstructive gastrointestinal symptoms are more common in this specific group of patients, since the infection has no predilection for either sex or age. Strongyloidiasis

is usually associated with anemia, hypocholesterolemia and hypoalbuminemia. Eosinophilia is an inconsistent finding, present in up to 35% during the acute phase, and less frequent in patients with chronic or disseminated disease. Most patients with duodenal obstruction presented low eosinophil count indicating a chronic infection. Eosinopenia and low IgE level have been associated with a poor prognosis, in patients with disseminated disease [3, 11]. Duodenal obstruction may be caused by different diseases, Selleckchem Epacadostat including tuberculosis, primary intestinal lymphoma, Crohn’s disease, eosinophilic gastroenteritis and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Despite extensive preoperative work-up, three out of the nine cases presented in Table 1, the diagnosis

was made after exploratory laparotomy. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is essential for correct diagnosis of Strongyloides-related duodenal obstruction. The diagnosis of strongyloidiasis may be confirmed by the selleck chemical presence of the larvae in the stools. This is an easy performed, broadly available and inexpensive method for detection of the parasite. However, stool examination is relatively insensitive, and MI-503 datasheet diagnostic yield of a single specimen is approximately 30%. The sensitivity of fecal smear could be increased to up to 60%, if five or more stool samples are examined [24]. Of note, S. stercoralis is the only helminth that secretes larvae in the stools. Thus, the presence of eggs in the fecal smear is unlikely. Other methods such as duodenal aspirate or biopsy are more invasive therefore less desirable. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the examination of a duodenal

aspirate for ova and larvae is the most sensitive diagnostic procedure, with a false-negative frequency of less than 10% [24, 25]. Endoscopic findings Resveratrol include duodenal mucosal edema, erythema, hemorrhagic spots, ulcerations, and in some cases megaduodenum. Duodenal white villi is also a common endoscopic feature, and should alert the physician for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis [25, 26]. Recently, Kishimoto et al. showed that the S. stercoralis larvae identification in duodenal biopsies is feasible in 71% of cases [27]. In eight out of the nine cases presented in Table 1, the diagnosis was made by duodenal aspirate/biopsy, or analysis of surgical specimen. These findings confirmed the poor reliability of stool analysis for the parasite identification In cases of disseminated infection, the parasite can be also identified in sputum, broncho-alveolar lavage, cerebrospinal fluid, skin, urine, and ascites [7].