Not surprisingly, numerous transcripts coding for reactive oxygen scavengers were found to be strongly induced, many of them by multiple stresses, e. g. superoxide dismutase, glutathione S transferase Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Z1, ger min like oxidase and several catalases, peroxidases and ascorbate peroxidases. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Also, the strong and multiple stress induction of aspartyl protease, various cysteine proteases, a subtilisin like protease and a vacuolar processing enzyme supports a role for protein recycling processes in response to stress, similarly to what was found during the salinity stress adaptation competence process in the extremophile T. halophila, whereas the expression of expansins, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases, several cellulose synthase subu nits, glycine, proline and hydroxyproline rich Carfilzomib proteins is supported by the observed capacity to adjust cell wall properties in many plants undergoing stress.

Many of these carbohydrate active genes were also highly expressed in stems. Of particular importance were genes highly expressed by several stress treatments, not previously reported Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries in amaranth or related halophyles extremophyles. These have obvious potential biotechnological applications and could also contribute to the elucidation of molecular mechanisms leading to resistance to multiple stress con ditions.

A selection includes the following, Drm3, required for de novo DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana where it is proposed to regulate gene silencing processes, Enhancer of SOS 3 1 which encodes a chloroplast localized protein that interacts with the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries criti cal SOS3 and SOS2 regulators of salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, YCF3 and HCF101 proteins deemed to be essential for assembly and accumulation of the photosystem I complex and prevention of photo oxidative damage, translational initiation factor eIF1, found to be a determinant of sodium tolerance in yeast and plants, implying that translation is a salt toxicity target and that its recovery might be a crucial mechan ism for cell survival under NaCl stress conditions in addition to its proposed regulation of ion accumula tion and the intracellular redox status, ATP dependent FtsH protease 9, involved in the degradation of the D1 protein of photo damaged, a step which is needed to avoid the accumulation of excessive levels of reactive oxygen species, the ACD1 LIKE elec tron carrier, resembling the Arabidopsis accelerated cell death gene product, involved in the oxygenation of pheophorbide a that is required to prevent photooxida tive destruction of the cell and also found to be up regulated during salt stress adaptation process in T.