One possible

mechanism of action might be the induction of neurotrophins. Recently, we found a significant increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels in AD patients treated with lithium and a significant decrease of ADAS Cog sum scores in comparison to placebo-treated patients. In another previous study we have shown that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in CSF of patients with early AD are increased most probably due to an upregulated expression in CNS as an adaptive process of the impaired THZ1 solubility dmso brain to enhance neurotrophic support at least in early stages of disease. Here we assessed the influence of a lithium treatment on GDNF serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations in a subset of a greater sample recruited for a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group multicenter 10-week study, investigating the efficacy of lithium treatment in AD patients. We found a significant negative correlation of lithium concentration in serum with GDNF concentration in CSF at the end of treatment (r = -0.585, p = 0.036) and with the difference of GDNF

concentration in CSF before and after treatment (r = -0.755, p = 0.003). However, we could not show a difference in GDNF concentrations between the patients after the treatment with lithium or placebo (serum, mean +/- standard Navitoclax deviation: 434.3 +/- 117.9 pg/ml versus 543.8

+/- 250.0 pg/ml, p = 0.178; CSF, 62.3 +/- 37.4 pg/ml versus 72.8 +/- 43.9 pg/ml, p = 0.511). The findings of the present investigation indicated that beneficial effects of the lithium treatment might reduce the necessity of enhanced GDNF expression in the CNS in early AD.”
“Antiplatelet agents are a cornerstone of therapy for patients Stattic concentration with atherosclerotic vascular disease. There is presently a lack of comprehensive guidelines focusing on the use of antiplatelet drugs in patients currently manifesting or at elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. The Canadian Antiplatelet Therapy Guidelines Committee reviewed existing disease-based guidelines and subsequently published literature and used expert opinion and review to develop guidelines on the use of antiplatelet therapy in the outpatient setting. This full document has been summarized in an Executive Summary published in the Canadian Journal of Cardiology and may be found at http://www.ccs.ca/. Antiplatelet therapy appears to be generally underused, perhaps in part because of a lack of clear, evidence-based guidance. Here, we provide specific guidelines for secondary prevention in patients discharged from hospital following acute coronary syndromes, post-percutaneous coronary intervention, post-coronary artery bypass grafting, patients with a history of transient cerebral ischemic events or strokes, and patients with peripheral arterial disease.