Peaks generated were manually examined and qualitatively judged by the presence of hydrolysed or unhydrolysed ertapenem respectively. Test panel Seventeen (17) clinical isolates of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae previously classified as KPC- (n = 10, four KPC-2, two KPC-3 and four just verified as KPC), VIM-1 (n = 3) or NDM-1-positive (n = 4) using PCR (9–11) were tested. The carbapenem susceptible K. pneumoniae ATCC 13882 and clinical K. pneumoniae isolates phenotypically classified as having a classical ESBL

(n = 6) or with acquired AmpC, (n = 6) were used as controls. Eleven (11) clinical isolates of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa previously classified as VIM-producing, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/elacridar-gf120918.html two VIM-1, six VIM-2, two VIM and one positive for IMP-14, with specific PCR [15, 16] were tested together with ten (10) carbapenem resistant clinical isolates phenotypically verified as non-MBL producers. A summary of the tested isolates are presented in Table 1. All isolates were retrieved Tariquidar purchase on blood agar overnight at 35°C and verified to species using The Microflex™, and the MALDI Biotyper 3.0 software (Bruker Daltonics) using standard parameters. A score value of ≥ 2.0 was considered a reliable species ID. Susceptibility testing was performed for ertapenem, imipenem and meropenem using Etest (BioMérieux,

Marcy L´Etoille, France) on Mueller Hinton agar according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Carbapenemase production was verified using the KPC/MBL Confirm ID Kit (Neo-Sensitabs™, Rosco diagnostica A/S) K. pneumoniae and for P. aeruginosa. The isolates Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase were analyzed to test the method with the same concentrations as described above. 1.5 mL of a bacterial suspension (4 McF) in 0.9% NaCl was prepared from overnight cultures and centrifuged at 13 400×g during 2 minutes at room temperature. The supernatant was removed by pipetting. The pellet was re-suspended by pipetting in 20 μL of ertapenem (0.5 mg/mL) and incubated for 15 min and 2 h respectively for the detection of hydrolysis. For the verification of carbapenemase

production the bacterial pellet was re-suspended in 10 uL ertapenem (1 mg/mL) together with 10 μL APBA (for KPC) or 10 uL DPA (for VIM and NDM). The suspensions were incubated in 35°C for 15 and 120 minutes and then centrifuged at 13 400×g during 2 minutes at room temperature. 2 μL of the supernatant was applied to a polished steel target plate, left to dry, and 1 μL matrix was applied on each spot before analysis with MALDI-TOF MS. For each isolate tested ertapenem alone was incubated 15 or 120 minutes as control of unspecific hydrolysis. Validation panel As a validation set 22 isolates (Table 1) with varying resistance phenotypes and mechanisms were blinded to the primary investigator (ÅJ). The isolates were retrieved on blood agar overnight at 35°C and verified to species ID using The Microflex™, and the MALDI Biotyper 3.0 software (Bruker Daltonics) using standard parameters.