Results. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of hyperkalemia was 41.2%, 6.5%, and 66.9% of pre- and post-dialysis selleck compound and before the next session of dialysis, respectively. Hyperkalemia significantly correlates with potassium-rich diets, non-compliant patients, two sessions of hemodialysis per week, and constipation

in ESRD patients during the study periods. Serum potassium level was significantly higher in anuric ESRD patients than those who had residual renal function, patients using acetate dialysate than those using bicarbonate dialysate, and patients with low blood flow rate than those with higher blood flow rates. There was a non-significant correlation between serum potassium and ACEIs, B-blockers, or diabetes. Conclusion. Hyperkalemia

is a frequent problem in patients with end stage renal disease in Egypt. Hyperkalemia significantly correlates with a potassium-rich diet and inadequate dialysis either by prescription or noncompliance. Thrice weekly bicarbonate dialysis with higher blood pump flow rate had better elimination of potassium.”
“Thiolated polyacrylates were shown to be permeation enhancers with notable potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the permeation enhancing properties of a thiolated polycarbophil/glutathione (PCP-Cys/GSH) system for oral drug application in comparison to a well-established permeation enhancer, namely sodium caprate. In vitro permeation studies were conducted in Ussing-type chambers with sodium SB525334 price fluoresceine

(NaFlu) and fluoresceine isothiocyanate labeled dextran (molecular mass 4 kDa; FD4) as model compounds. Bioavailability studies were carried out in Sprague Dawley rats with various formulations. Moreover, cytotoxic effects of both permeation enhancers were compared. Permeation enhancement ratios of 1% sodium caprate were found to be 3.0 (FD4) and 2.3 (NaFlu), whereas 1% PCP-Cys/0.5% GSH displayed enhancement ratios of 2.4 and 2.2. Both excipients performed at a similar level in vivo. Sodium caprate solutions increased oral bioavailability 2.2-fold (FD4) and 2.3-fold (NaFlu), while PCP-Cys hydrogels led to a 3.2-fold and 2.2-fold enhancement. Cell viability experiments revealed a β-Nicotinamide significantly higher tolerance of Caco-2 cells towards 0.5% PCP-Cys (81% survival) compared to 0.5% sodium caprate (5%). As PCP-Cys is not absorbed from mucosal membranes due to its comparatively high molecular mass, systemic side-effects can be excluded. In conclusion, both systems displayed a similar potency for permeation enhancement of hydrophilic compounds. However, PCP-Cys seems to be less harmful to cultured cells.”
“The Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) system is utilized to investigate the relationship between mass uptake and associated swelling for Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) organic thin films obtained from pyrene end-capped polystyrene (PS). The study was carried out using three different molecular weights of polymeric chains.