To isolate the responsible pathogen, two infected plant samples of 5 mm by 5 mm were first treated with 95% ethanol for a minute, followed by 70% ethanol for another minute, and then with 1% sodium hypochlorite for a final minute, to ensure effective surface sterilization. The samples were subsequently washed three times in distilled water, then air-dried using sterile filter paper. Subsequently, they were transferred into a medium consisting of 15% water agar and 100 ppm streptomycin, and then incubated in the dark at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Three independent isolates (HNO-1, HNO-2, HNO-3) from Haenam, and three more (KJO1-1, KJO1-2, KJO1-3) from Ganjin, were cultivated from hyphae originating from independently selected tissues at each site. These isolates were generated after the purification of single hypha tips and subsequently subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA, Sparks, MD 21152, USA). Initially, the PDA colonies displayed a white pigmentation, subsequently changing to a light brown after fourteen days. Two weeks' incubation on PDA resulted in all collected isolates developing globose and irregular sclerotia that were a dark brown to black color. Multinucleate cells, in combination with binuclear hyphae of varying hues from white to dark brown, and orthogonal branching with a septum near the branch point, suggest these isolates are likely Ceratobasidium cereale, confirming previous research by Boerema et al. (1977), Burpee (1980), and Sharon et al. (2008). Molecular identification of the organism hinges on the ITS sequence (GenBank accession numbers provided). Using the primer pairs ITS4/5 (White et al., 1990), LROR/LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester, 1990), bRPB2-6F/bRPB2-71R (Matheny, 2005; Reeb et al., 2004), TEF1-F/TEF1-R (Litvintseva et al., 2006), and ATP61/ATP62 (Kretzer and Bruns, 1999), respectively, the six isolates' MW691851-53 (HNO-1 to HNO-3) and MW691857-59 (KJO1-1 to KJO1-3) regions, as well as LSU (OQ397530-35), rpb2 (OQ409878-83), tef1 (OQ409884-89), and atp6 (OQ409890-95) sequences were amplified. The ITS region sequences exhibited 99.7% identity matching C. cereale strain WK137-56 (KY379365), and 99.8% identity to Ceratobasidium sp. Proteomic Tools Regarding AG-D, the identification number is KP171639. Phylogenetic analysis, utilizing the MEGA X program (Kumar et al., 2018), determined that the six isolates clustered within a clade containing C. cereale, supported by concatenated ITS-LSU, rpb2, tef1, and atp6 gene sequences (Gonzalez et al., 2016; Ji et al., 2017; Tomioka et al., 2021; Li et al., 2014). The Korean Agriculture Culture Collection received the deposit of two representative isolates, HNO-1 with accession number KACC 49887 and KJO1-1 with accession number KACC 410268. Six isolates were cultivated for pathogenicity assessment using sterilized ray grains at 25°C in darkness, allowing them to grow for three weeks to serve as the inoculum. Five oat cultivars ( Seeds of Choyang were planted in pots, each containing 80 grams of infected ray grains, 150 grams of composite soil, and 150 milliliters of water (Baroker Garden Soil, Seoul Bio Co., LTD). The control received a treatment protocol involving 80 grams of sterilized ray grains, 150 grams of composite soil, and 150 milliliters of water, all mixed together. The 20°C growth chamber, with a 12-hour photoperiod and 65% humidity, housed the inoculated and control pots. The oat sheaths of seedlings, three weeks post-inoculation, presented with the typical symptoms of sharp eyespots. In the control seedlings, no symptoms were detected. Identical outcomes were observed across three separate infection assays. Re-isolation of the pathogen was achieved, and its identity was subsequently verified using morphological and molecular analysis. Oats, being less economically beneficial than barley and wheat, have received less attention in etiological research within Korea. C. cereale, the causative agent of sharp eyespot disease, has been identified in barley and wheat before (Kim et al., 1991), but this study constitutes the first instance of this condition affecting oats in Korea.

Phytopythium vexans, a waterborne and soil-dwelling oomycete, is a significant pathogen responsible for root and crown rot in diverse plants, including select woody ornamentals, fruits, and forest trees. Effective and early diagnosis of Phytophthora within nursery irrigation systems is indispensable, as this pathogen spreads quickly to neighboring healthy plants through this network. The identification of this pathogen using conventional techniques proves often to be a protracted, unreliable, and costly affair. Consequently, a highly specific, sensitive, and rapid molecular diagnostic approach is needed to address the shortcomings of conventional identification methods. For the purpose of identifying *P. vexans*, this current investigation established a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. LAMP primer sets were designed and scrutinized, and among them, PVLSU2 emerged as specific to P. vexans, not amplifying any closely related oomycetes, fungi, or bacteria. Subsequently, the developed assays displayed the capability to amplify DNA, exhibiting sensitivity up to 102 femtograms per reaction. The real-time LAMP assay demonstrated a superior sensitivity in detecting infected plant samples, surpassing both traditional PCR and culture-based approaches. Moreover, both LAMP assays could detect the presence of 100 or fewer zoospores within 100 milliliters of water. Disease diagnostic labs and research institutions are expected to experience time savings in P. vexans detection thanks to the anticipated implementation of LAMP assays, allowing for earlier preparedness during disease outbreaks.

The fungal species Blumeria graminis f. sp. is directly responsible for the current powdery mildew problem. The tritici (Bgt) strain is a detrimental factor impacting wheat production in China. Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to powdery mildew resistance and designing markers conducive to plant breeding procedures are essential starting points in the development of resistant crop cultivars. Employing a population of 254 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), which were produced by crossing Jingdong 8 and Aikang 58, researchers pinpointed an all-stage resistance gene and several quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In six field environments, the population's resistance to powdery mildew was evaluated using two distinct Bgt isolate mixtures, #Bgt-HB and #Bgt-BJ, across three consecutive growing seasons. Genotypic data, extracted from the Wheat TraitBreed 50K SNP array, identified seven robust QTLs positioned on chromosome arms 1DL, 2AL, 2DS, 4DL, 5AL, 6BL.1, and 6BL.2. The QTL on 2AL displayed consistent resistance to Bgt race E20 in all stages during greenhouse trials, and field experiments corroborated this effect with up to 52% of phenotypic variance explained, but only against the #Bgt-HB strain. Due to the gene's position on the genome and its sequence, Pm4a was predicted to be the gene responsible for this QTL. The intricate nature of QPmja.caas-1DL warrants a methodical investigation. Further investigation is warranted for QPmja.caas-4DL and QPmja.caas-6BL.1, which may represent new QTL for powdery mildew resistance. QPmja.caas-2DS and QPmja.caas-6BL.1 demonstrated activity against the diverse range of Bgt mixtures, implying a broad-spectrum resistant nature. In a group of 286 wheat cultivars, a competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) marker tied to QPmja.caas-2DS was both developed and confirmed. The QTL and marker findings are highly valuable for wheat researchers and breeders, considering the prominent roles Jingdong 8 and Aikang 58 play as cultivars and breeding parents.

The perennial herbaceous plant, Bletilla striata, a member of the Orchidaceae family, is indigenous to China and has a broad distribution across the Yangtze River basin. adaptive immune To alleviate wound bleeding and inflammation, the medicinal plant B. striata is commonly used in China. A noticeable prevalence (over 50%) of leaf spot symptoms was observed on B. striata plants in a traditional Chinese medicine plantation (approximately 10 hectares) located in Xianju City, Zhejiang Province, China, during September 2021. Necrotic spots, small, round, and pale brown, appeared initially on the leaves. A progression followed, with the central areas of the lesions becoming grayish-brown, the margins darkening to dark brown with slight bulges. Ultimately, they developed to 5-8 mm in size on the leaves. Subsequently, the minuscule patches extended and consolidated, developing into necrotic lines measuring approximately 1 to 2 centimeters. Leaves afflicted with disease were cut, surface-disinfected, and cultured on a growth medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA). Within 3 days of incubation at 26 degrees Celsius, fungal colonies (2828 mm) were established, with the mycelia displaying a grayish-black coloration throughout all tissue types. While basal conidia displayed a range of colors from pale to dark brown, apical conidia presented a pale brown tone. Central cells within these conidia were noticeably larger and darker than their basal counterparts. Rounded tips characterized the smooth conidia, which could be fusiform, cylindrical, or slightly curved in shape. From a minimum length of 2234 meters to a maximum of 3682 meters, the average length was 2863 meters. These samples also exhibited 2 to 4 septations, which displayed subtle constrictions. A pure culture was produced by the execution of monospore isolation procedures. The strain BJ2Y5 was placed in the strain repository of Wuhan University (Wuhan, China), and its preservation code was recorded as CCTCC M 2023123. The fresh mycelia and conidia, which had grown on PDA plates at a temperature of 26 degrees Celsius for seven days, were collected from the plates. Employing the Ezup Column Fungi Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Sangon Biotech Co., Shanghai, China), DNA was extracted. Akt inhibitor Utilizing DNA sequence analysis of three genetic loci, namely glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and parts of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), the phylogenetic placement of isolate BJ2-Y5 was clarified. A BLAST search of GenBank accession numbers reveals. Comparatively, isolates OP913168, OP743380, and OP913171 demonstrated a high degree of homology (99%) to the reference isolate CBS 22052.