Table 3 Antioxidants and TBARS levels in the blood in relation to the cumulative number of night shift work in AG-120 cost nurses currently working in rotating system (n = 349) Parameters Total rotating shifts number during the whole work life <300 months n = 147 >300 months n = 202 Plasma GSH-Px activity, U/ml 0.188 ± 0.030 0.188 ± 0.035   0.954   0.936* RBC GSH-Px activity, U/g Hb 20.8 ± 5.0 21.2 ± 4.3   0.877   0.856* RBC SOD activity, U/mg Hb 7.01 ± 1.60 6.81 ± 1.49   0.8928   0.837*

Plasma selenium, μg/l 54.1 ± 10.7 55.7 ± 11.8   0.516   0.745* Plasma vitamin E, μg/ml 10.47 ± 4.25 12.35 ± 4.42   0.314   0.179* Plasma vitamin A, μg/ml 0.666 ± 0.247 0.763 ± 0.209   0.398 find more   0.542* Plasma TBARS, nmol/ml 2.04 ± 0.71 2.16 ± 0.82   0.736   0.669* Results expressed as mean ± SD * After adjustment for age, oral contraceptive hormones use, current HRT use, smoking habits, and drinking alcohol during the last 24 h The association between night shift work frequency per month and the antioxidant enzymes activity is presented in Fig. 1. We observed that the erythrocyte GSH-Px activity rose statistically significant in nurses working on more night shifts per month GDC-0068 clinical trial (p < 0.001). The association between plasma GSH-Px activity

and night shift work differed significantly between pre- and postmenopausal nurses: it was higher (p < 0.008) in the premenopausal subjects and lower (p < 0.024) in the postmenopausal ones (Fig. 2). Fig. 1 Association between night shift work frequency and RBC GSH-Px activity. Comparison of RBC GSH-Px activity among nurses 0—working on day shift only (n = 359), 2—working less than 2 nights/month (n = 2), 4—working 2–4 night shifts/months (n = 19), 8—working 5–8 night shifts/month (n = 320). Statistical analysis after adjustment for age, oral contraceptive hormone use, smoking, and drinking alcohol during the last 24 h Fig. 2 Association between night shift work frequency and plasma GSH-Px activity in the postmenopausal women. Comparison of plasma GSH-Px activity among postmenopausal nurses 0—working on day shift only (n = 174), 2—working

less than 2 nights/month (n = 2), 4—working 2–4 night shifts/months (n = 12), 8—working 5–8 night shifts/month (n = 102). Statistical analysis after adjustment for age, oral contraceptive hormone use in the past, Rucaparib in vitro smoking, and drinking alcohol during the last 24 h Discussion A number of clinical and experimental studies have indicated that exposure to a number of physical and/or chemical agents may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and promote oxidative stress. ROS react with unsaturated fatty acids of cell membranes, as well as with proteins and nucleic acid and may play an indirect role in disease development (Valko et al. 2004). Mammalian cells have different antioxidant systems including various antioxidative enzymes comprise the necessary trace elements (Se, Zn, Cu, Mn), as well as low-molecular-weight antioxidants: vitamin A, E, C, glutathione, uric acid, etc.