The role of CPB has been debated in trauma surgery, espescially when it comes to penetrating cardiac wounds [6, 21]. Some series present large cohorts of penetrating cardiac injury without use of CPB [3–5]. In case of complex cardiac injuries with multichamber lacerations the advantages of a bloodless and still operating field is obvious [6, 20, 21]. The required heparinisation for CPB might be deleterious in a trauma patient. However, if the bleeding source or sources can be controlled, the risk of further profound haemmorhage is low. On the other hand, full heparisation might

cause severe morbidity, and CPB might CP673451 mouse initiate consumptive coagulopathy and profound systemic inflammatory reaction [28]. Off pump cardiopulmonary bypass is an alternative Captisol clinical trial when it comes to coronary artery lesions [16, 22, 25]. Establishing CPB in arrested patients or patients in deep haemorrhagic shock is not favourable for the outcome [6]. It could be debated whether or not the aorta should have been cross-clamped in our Nepicastat cost patient during repair of the left ventricular wall and coronary bypass surgery, but the ECG changes and the suspicion of pre-existing ischemia due to sustained pre-operative hypoperfusion, persuaded us to leave

the aorta unclamped in this particular case. Peroperative fluorescent angiography is a reliable tool to identify suspect coronary artery involvement peroperatively either caused by the injury itself or the surgical procedure [15], unfortunately this technique was not available at our OR. Cardiac stabbings Dimethyl sulfoxide might lead to initially unidentified additional injuries which become apparent first several weeks to years later [8, 18]. One study with a large series of patients report that these injuries seldom need surgical treatment

[5]. There is consensus that echocardiographic assessment should be provided during the hospital stay [5, 11]. On admission to the ED, our patient was given a high Glasgow coma score (GCS), yet post-operatively was found to have had a cerebral injury. Unfortunately, the patient was foreign, and despite speaking, nobody could assess his verbal response adequately. Furthermore, he received an intravenous injection of Ketalar a few minutes after admission, following which he needed assisted manual ventilation and was no longer able to communicate. The initial GCS was later reconsidered and probably the patient suffered from major hypoxia in the pre-hospital phase. Nevertheless the patients with lower GCS have poor outcome, Asensio still reports a high mortality rate (27%) for patients with Glasgow Coma Scale >8 [2]. However, in an emergency room thoracotomy material GCS was found to be a predictor of survival, despite none of the patients had a score >7 [29]. In our patient, it is possible that CPB might have caused cerebral injury by embolization or by giving an insufficient cerebral perfusion pressure.