Viability analysis with the mammalian cancer cell line SH-SY5Y revealed that free Cu(II) ion and Cu(II) complexes with Gly-derived ligands stimulated cell growth and proliferation rather than apoptosis, a direct observed effect of copper uptake from these different complexes. Cu(II)–imine complexes act as a free copper ion inside the cell as they are absorbed by cell membrane and remain inside the cell for the time of the treatment. On the contrary Cu(II)–Gly derivative complexes cannot be absorbed by cell membrane and consequently are not available to produce ROS inside the cell. The

results provide a better understanding of the biological role of the Cu(II) ion and ligand complexes in cancer cell therapy. Cu(II)–imine and Cu(II)–Gly-derived complexes clearly exhibit different mechanisms of action in their augmentation of biomolecular this website oxidation by the H2O2/HCO3− system. Furthermore, it is proposed that copper uptake by cells can

also have an effect on apoptosis in mammalian cancer cell. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This work was supported by the Brazilian agencies Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) grant 07/50765-2 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). The authors are also grateful to FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq and UFABC foundation for fellowships. “
“Wave models of Boussinesq type for the evolution of surface waves on a layer of fluid LDK378 describe the evolution with quantities at the free surface. These models have dispersive properties that are directly related to the – unavoidable – approximation of the interior fluid motion. Numerical implementations will have somewhat different dispersion, depending on the specific method of discretization. The initial value problem for such models does not cause much problems, since the description of the state variables in the spatial domain at an initial instant is independent of the specifics of the evolution model. Quite different is the situation when waves have to be excited in a timely manner from points or lines. Such problems

arise naturally when modelling uni- or multi-directional PtdIns(3,4)P2 waves in a hydrodynamic laboratory or waves from the deep ocean to a coastal area. In these cases the waves can be generated by influx-boundary conditions, or by some embedded, internal, forcing. In all cases the dispersive properties (of the implementation) of the model are present in the details of the generation. Accurate generation is essential for good simulations, since slight errors will lead after propagation over large distances to large errors. For various Boussinesq type equations, internal wave generation has been discussed in several papers. Improving the approach of Engquist and Majda (1977), who described the way how to influx waves at the boundary with the phase speed, Wei et al.