Viable leptospires are subsequently shed into the urine, this step being an essential feature of host-to-host transmission. Humans Selleck ALK inhibitor and other animals are infected when mucosal surfaces or damaged skin contact urine, urine-contaminated

water, or animal tissues (Levett, 2001). The symptoms of human leptospirosis range from mild illness to a potentially fatal haemorrhagic syndrome (Levett, 2001). Pathogenic Leptospira can be classified serologically into >230 serovars, which have been organized into 25 serogroups according to antigenic similarities (Levett, 2001). Serologic characterization of isolates is carried out by a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and relies on the antigenic differences in leptospiral buy MLN0128 lipopolysaccharide (Levett, 2001; Zuerner & Trueba, 2005). The use of a serological, nongenetic taxonomic scheme is now rare in bacterial taxonomy and its continued use reflects the critical importance of the serovar in diagnosis and disease management (Levett, 2001; Morey et al., 2006). Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide differs from that of other bacteria both structurally and biologically. It lacks standard 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid and hydroxymyristic acid and has lower endotoxic activity (Vinh et al., 1986; Masuzawa et al., 1990). From the immunological viewpoint, leptospiral

lipopolysaccharide is very important because it is one of the main target antigens for the protective host humoral immune response (Adler & Faine, 1978; de la Peña-Moctezuma et al., 2001; Levett, 2001) and, unlike

most other Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide molecules, it is recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) as well as TLR4, depending on the host species (Werts et al., 2001). The leptospiral lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic locus contains more genes than those of other Gram-negative Farnesyltransferase counterparts, suggesting a more complex structure (Kalambaheti et al., 1999). Despite the importance of this molecule, its structure has not yet been elucidated. Polyclonal antisera have been used previously to select leptospiral mutants lacking some or all agglutinating epitopes (Babudieri, 1971; Yanagawa & Takashima, 1974). A recent report showed that lipopolysaccharide mutants selected with polyclonal antiserum were the result of insertion of transposable elements (Zuerner & Trueba, 2005). The present study describes an lipopolysaccharide mutant (LaiMut) selected with an agglutinating monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against the leptospiral lipopolysaccharide molecule. Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai (denoted as LaiWT) was obtained from the Leptospira strain collection of the WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Leptospires were maintained in EMJH liquid medium (Johnson & Harris, 1967) at 30 °C, with routine subculturing every 14 days.