When the racemic mixture reaches the bloodstream, the enantiomers exhibit different NVP-BKM120 affinities for NTE and AChE (Bertolazzi et al., 1991). Furthermore, metabolic differences between these two species could favor a lower metabolism of the enantiomer with apparently much greater affinity for NTE in humans, and the opposite could be true in hens (Battershill et al., 2004). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate, in the blood and brain of hens, in the blood

of humans, and in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells the potential of the methamidophos enantiomers to induce delayed neurotoxicity using the ratio between NTE inhibition and AChE inhibition as a possible indicator. Mipafox was also used as a positive control because it is known as a compound that induces Selleck BYL719 OPIDN. In addition, reference values for LNTE and AChE in erythrocytes are presented in a sample of donors not exposed to pesticides. Calpain activation was also evaluated because it has been suggested as contributor to OPIDN (El-Fawall et al., 1990, Glynn, 2000, Choudhary and Gill, 2001 and Emerick et al., 2010). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), paraoxon, bovine serum albumin (BSA), Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250, Histopaque-1077, tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phosphoric

acid 85%, acetylthiocholine (ACTh) and 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) were purchased from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA; mipafox and phenyl valerate were obtained from Oryza Laboratories, Inc., Chelmsford, MA, USA; sodium citrate and triton X-100 were purchased from Rhiedel-de Haën, Hannover, Germany; 4-aminoantipyrine, potassium ferricyanide,

and dimethylformamide PIK3C2G were purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany; heparin 25,000 IU/5 ml was obtained from Roche, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Deltametrin (K-otrine®) was obtained from Bayer Cropscience Ltd., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; and piperazine citrate (Proverme®) was purchased from Tortuga Agrarian Zootechnical Company, São Paulo, Brazil. The analytical standard (±)-methamidophos was obtained from Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA, and the enantiomeric separation was conducted according to the method described by Emerick et al. (2011). The enantiomers of methamidophos were obtained with 99.5% of optical purity for the (+)-methamidophos and 98.3% of optical purity for the (−)-methamidophos. Initially, mipafox was prepared at 0.1 mM concentration level, (+)-methamidophos was prepared at 1000 mM concentration level and (−)-methamidophos was prepared at 10,000 mM concentration level. All these solutions were prepared in absolute ethanol. These concentrates were then diluted at least 100× for incubation with neuroblastoma cells and other tissues to obtain a final concentration of 1% for ethanol. This solvent was chosen based on methamidophos solubility and on previous work that employed SH-SY5Y cells (Ehrich et al.