with green indicating that abundance of a most term is significantly lower than average, and red indicating higher than average. Over representation for each term in a group is calculated as follows, Where X is the abundance of a term in the group being considered, Avg is the average abundance of a term in all developmental stages, and Z presents the relative abundance of a term at a given developmental stage. The Complete Linkage Clustering of known and novel miRNAs was obtained based on Hierarchical Clus tering Algorithms by using the R package. Target prediction and gene ontology analysis The potential target genes were predicted by Tar getScan and then assayed by Gorilla with gene ontology enrichment analysis.

Reverse transcription reactions were performed in a final volume of 20 ul containing 2 ug purified total RNA, 1 �� RT buffer, 10 mM dNTPs, 5 U M MuLV re verse transcriptase, 20 U RNase inhibitor and 0. 4 uM stem loop RT primers. The reactions were incubated in Thermo Cycler at 37 C for 60 min, 90 C for 5 min and then held in 4 C. Realtime PCR was performed on 7500 Fast Real time PCR system. In brief, reac tions were performed in a final volume of 20 ul containing 10 ul SYBR W Green Master mix, 1 ul RT products, 1 uM unique primer of certain miRNA, and 1 uM out primer match to the stem loop sequence. PCR reaction was carried out with a first de naturation step at 95 C for 20 sec, followed by 45 cycles comprising denaturation at 95 C for 12 sec, annealing and extension at 56 C for 30 sec. Melting curve was run in program following 95 C, 15 sec, 60 C, 20 sec, 95 C, 15 sec, 60 C, 15 sec.

To normalize the differences of the amount for different samples, U6 was used as internal control as well as experimental positive control. Negative controls were also established and all experi ments were run in triplicate. The 2 C method was ap plied for relative expression quantification analysis and E10 value was used as reference. All PCR products were cloned into pGEM T vector and then sequenced. Primers used are shown in Dataset S7. PCR analysis For PCR verification of novel miRNAs, reverse transcrip tion was performed with Revert Aid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit using specific stem loop primer. PCR was carried out with a first de naturation step at 95 C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles comprising denaturation at 95 C for 20 sec, annealing at 60 C for 25 sec, and extension at 72 C for 45 sec.

PCR products were separated by agarose electrophoresis. For PCR analysis of Piwi expression, synthesis of first strand cDNA was carried out with a Revert Aid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit. PCR was carried out using cDNA with the following protocols, Carfilzomib Initiate denaturation at 94 C for 5 min, denaturation at 94 C for 45 sec, annealing at 62 C for 30 sec, extension at 72 C for 45 sec, and a 10 min 72 C final extension. Cycle numbers for actin, Piwil1, 2, and 4 were 25, 35, 42, and 42. Predicted sizes for PCR products for Piwil1, 2, and 4 are 178 bp, 152 Ponatinib manufacturer bp, and 179 b