XPS results indicate the ionic state of Fe in the Fe doped films, ruling out the possibility of Fe metallic clusters. Valence band spectra of CeO2 show an additional feature after Fe doping, suggesting its incorporation in the CeO2 matrix. RPES studies on these films reveal the hybridization between oxygen vacancy induced Ce localized states and Fe derived

states. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3594717]“
“A synergistic effect in the somatotropic axis (GH1-GHR-IGF1) was observed in 736 young Nelore (Bos indicus) bulls under ad libitum grass feeding conditions on irrigated pasture in central Brazil. Stepwise substitution of shorter alleles of the promoter region of the growth Selleckchem BYL719 hormone gene (GH1) and the P1 promoter of the GH1 receptor gene (GHR) with longer alleles was associated with significantly

increased body weight gain (W550, VX-809 mw weight at age 550 days; ADG, average daily gain) and fat accrual (FAT, rib eye fat thickness). A threshold effect on ADG was associated with allele size variation at the GH1. A best fit model indicated a 3-to 6-fold effect of GH1 variation on ADG, when compared to the variation at the GHR and a known microsatellite at the somatomedin gene (IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1). A threshold effect on FAT was associated with substitution of the short GHR allele by the longer GHR alleles; the effect of the GHR variation on FAT was 10-fold that of the variation at the GH1 and IGF1 loci. Among the 10 GH1-GHR-IGF1 multi-genotypes identified, the predominant genotype was homozygous for the large GH1 promoter Q-VD-Oph order (long/long, G2/G2 or domestic

type), short GHR promoter (short/short or wild type), and short IGF1 microsatellite (short/short or wild type). This predominant multi-genotype suggests that selection pressure in the Nelore breed has been directed towards high ADG and W550, and low FAT. Our results mirror previous findings in the oMtla-oGH transgenic mouse model, in which the level of somatotropic gene expression acts through a threshold mechanism, and low expression results in adipogenesis, while high expression increases body growth.”
“Inflammation is characterized by altered cytokine levels produced by cell populations in a highly interdependent manner. To elucidate the mechanism of an inflammatory reaction, we have developed a mathematical model for immune cell interactions via the specific, dose-dependent cytokine production rates of cell populations. The model describes the criteria required for normal and pathological immune system responses and suggests that alterations in the cytokine production rates can lead to various stable levels which manifest themselves in different disease phenotypes.