Yin W, Cheepala S, Roberts JN, Syson-Chan K, DiGiovanni J, Clifford JL: Active Stat3 selleck is required for survival of human squamous cell carcinoma cells in serum-free conditions. Mol Cancer 2006, 5:15.PubMedCrossRef 14. Kataoka K, Kim DJ, Carbajal S, Clifford J, DiGiovanni J: Stage-specific disruption of Stat3 demonstrates a direct requirement during both the initiation and promotion stages of mouse skin tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2008,

29:1108–1114.PubMedCrossRef 15. Syed Z, Cheepala SB, Gill JN, Stein J, Nathan CA, Digiovanni J, Batra V, Adegboyega P, Kleiner HE, Clifford JL: All-trans retinoic acid suppresses Stat3 signaling during skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 2009, 2:903–911.CrossRef 16. Bromberg JF, Wrzeszczynska MH, Devgan G, Zhao Y, Pestell RG, Albanese C, Darnell JE Jr: Stat3 as an oncogene. Cell 1999, 98:295–303.PubMedCrossRef 17. Chan KS, Sano S, Kataoka K, Abel E, Carbajal S, Beltran L, Clifford J, Peavey M, Shen J, Digiovanni J: Forced expression of a constitutively active form of Stat3 in mouse epidermis enhances malignant progression of skin tumors induced by two-stage carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2008, 27:1087–1094.PubMedCrossRef 18. Karin M: Nuclear factor-kappaB in cancer development and progression. Nature 2006, 441:431–436.PubMedCrossRef 19. Aggarwal S, Takada Y, Singh S, Myers JN, Aggarwal BB: Inhibition of growth and survival of human head

and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by curcumin via modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. Int J Cancer 2004, 111:679–692.PubMedCrossRef 20. Loercher P505-15 mw A, Lee TL, Ricker JL, Howard A, Geoghegen J, Chen Z, Sunwoo JB, Sitcheran R, Chuang EY, Mitchell JB, Baldwin AS Jr, Van

Waes C: Nuclear factor-kappaB is an important modulator of the altered gene expression profile and malignant phenotype in squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2004, 64:6511–6523.PubMedCrossRef 21. Kobielak A, Fuchs E: Links between alpha-catenin, NF-kappaB, and squamous cell carcinoma in skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:2322–2327.PubMedCrossRef 22. Mukhtar H, Agarwal R: Skin cancer chemoprevention. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1996, 1:209–214.PubMed 23. Gupta S, Mukhtar H: Chemoprevention of skin cancer: current status and future prospects. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2002, 21:363–380.PubMedCrossRef 24. Bickers DR, Athar M: Novel approaches to chemoprevention of skin cancer. J Dermatol 2000, 27:691–695.PubMed 25. 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase Kondo A, Ohigashi H, Murakami A, Suratwadee J, Koshimizu K: 1′-Acetoxychavicol Acetate as a Potent inhibitor of Tumor Promoter-induced Epstein-Barre Virus Activation from Languas galanga, a Traditional Thai Condiment. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem 1993, 57:1344–1345.CrossRef 26. Murakami A, Kuki W, Takahashi Y, Yonei H, Nakamura Y, Ohto Y, Ohigashi H, Koshimizu K: Auraptene, a citrus coumarin, inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor promotion in ICR mouse skin, possibly through suppression of superoxide generation in leukocytes. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997, 88:443–452.