Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JLJ conceived the study and secured funding. PC assisted with design and intellectual background. AT also assisted with study design and refining the study after the pilot. PC and AT revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Pre-publication history The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-227X/9/17/prepub Acknowledgements This study is funded by the Canadian Patient Safety Institute.
Intracranial bleeding (IB) is a common and serious consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical MRC CRASH trial, which included mild, moderate and severe TBI patients, 56% of trial participants had at least one IB. [1] The frequency of IB varies with TBI severity, age, presence or absence of compound skull fracture, and the anatomical site of injury (frontal, temporo-parietal, occipital). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical [2] IB can be classified according to the location into epidural haemorrhage (EDH) subdural haemorrhage (SDH) intraparenchymal haemorrhage (IPH) and subarachnoid

haemorrhage (SAH). A review by the Brain Trauma Foundation found that all types of IB are associated with a worse prognosis, with increased in-hospital mortality and disability Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical at six months. [3] Analysis of data from the CRASH trial showed that subarachnoid bleeding Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and non evacuated haematoma were independently associated with a worse outcome at 2 weeks and 6 months. [4] Similarly, the IMPACT study found that after controlling for age, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) motor score and pupil reactions, subarachnoid and subdural bleeding doubled the odds of poor outcome at six months. [5] Some studies involving repeated

CT scanning of patients with TBI have found that intracranial bleeding Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical can develop or expand in the 24-48 hours after injury. These findings have generated interest in potential therapeutic approaches, such as haemostatic drugs, that could prevent or decrease the growth of IB. [6] If IB enlarges after hospital admission and larger bleeds have a worse prognosis, this would strengthen the therapeutic rationale for agents to prevent an increase in the extent of bleeding. Brefeldin_A inhibitor Baricitinib Although there have been some studies on the association between size of IB and prognosis, the empirical evidence is limited, most studies having small sample sizes and www.selleckchem.com/products/mek162.html restricted populations. [7-10] We analysed data from the Trauma Audit & Research Network (TARN), a large European trauma registry, to evaluate the association between the size of IB and, mortality and haematoma evacuation, in patients with TBI. Methods Sample TARN was established in 1989 to benchmark and improve hospital trauma care (using case fatality measures). Membership is voluntary and includes 60% of hospitals receiving trauma patients in England and Wales and some hospitals in European centres.