e., between midnight and 2 a.m.). While we observed a systematic increase in mean duration of ED Epigenetics inhibitor visits during hours near midnight regardless of the admission day, we calculated that the increase was substantially larger on Mondays when compared to other weekdays or the weekend. This finding supports the hypothesis that our nation’s EDs may lack adequate resources to see patients on a typical Monday [14]. Figure 6 Duration of treat-and-release visits at emergency departments on Mondays by hour. Data includes all treat-and-release emergency visits during 2008 in Arizona, Massachusetts and Utah. Duration is measured in minutes

as the difference between admission … Figure 7 Duration Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of treat-and-release visits at emergency departments on Non-Monday weekdays by hour. Data includes all treat-and-release emergency visits during 2008 in Arizona, Massachusetts and Utah. Duration is measured in minutes as the difference between … Figure 8 Duration of treat-and-release visits at emergency departments on weekends by hour. Data Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical includes all treat-and-release emergency visits during 2008 in Arizona, Massachusetts and Utah. Duration is measured in minutes as the difference between admission … The

mean, median and inter-quartiles (i.e., 25th and 75th quantiles) of duration across admission hours for the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical various characterizations reported in Figures ​Figures11, ​,22, ​,33, ​,44, ​,55, ​,66, ​,77, ​,88 showed very little variations. While the upper range was consistent at about 500 minutes for all visits (Figure ​(Figure1),1), there were some variations for specific characterizations (i.e., Figure ​Figure2,2, teaching hospitals). Patient characteristics We analyzed patient demographics to explore

potential Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical explanations for the long duration of ED visits we observed (194.2 – 197.2 minutes). Table ​Table11 displays the total Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical number of T&R ED visits, mean duration of visits, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for various patient characteristics. As shown in Table ​Table1,1, the mean duration of visit increased with the age of the patient. We observed that the mean duration of ED visits for patients over 74 years of age was noticeably higher when compared to visits for patients younger than 15 years of age (237.5 versus 142.2 minutes). We also observed about 15 minutes Carnitine dehydrogenase longer mean duration of ED visits for female patients when compared to male patients. Table 1 Mean and median duration, and total volume of treat-and-release visits at EDs by patient characteristics We also analyzed the mean duration of ED visits across race groups. As show in Table ​Table1,1, the duration of ED visits for black/African American and Hispanic patients, respectively, was 11.2% and 6.2% longer than the duration of visits for non-Hispanic white patients. Our results support the findings of Herring et al. (2009) who found longer ED LOS for black/African American non-Hispanic patients (10.