The cDNA was used as template for genotyping in hemi-nested multiplex PCRs for VP7 and VP4 genes using published oligonucletide primers and protocols. The primers were designed to amplify common rotavirus G- and P-types as well as genotypes that are more common in India. RNA extraction and reverse transcription RNA extraction was carried out using the instruction in the Qiagen stool minikit. With eluted RNA, cDNA is generated by reverse transcription using 400 U of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (M-MLV) reverse Selleckchem RG 7204 transcriptase in the presence of random primers

(hexamers; Pd(N)6) at 37 °C for 1 h. In each extraction, a rotavirus positive stool sample as positive control and DEPC treated water as negative control were included. The cDNA was used as a template for G- and P-typing PCRs. Five microlitres of cDNA was used in amplification reactions for the first round VP7 and VP4 gene products in 50 μl reactions and 1 μl of this amplified product serves as template for the 2nd round multiplex check details PCR. For VP7 genotyping, the first round PCR primers VP7-F and VP7-R amplified an 881 bp region of the VP7 gene. The nested multiplex PCR incorporated the reverse primer (VP7-R) and the primers specific for amplification

of genotypes G1, G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, G10 and G12. Primers Con2 and Con3 were used in the first round PCR to amplify an 876 bp fragment of the VP4 gene. The second round PCR

included the consensus primer Con3 and primers specific for genotypes P[4], P[6], P[8], P[9], P[10] and P[11]. The genotypes were identified based on the PCR amplicon size on gel electrophoresis. PCR amplicons were resolved in 2% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide (0.5 mg/ml) in Tris–Boric acid–EDTA (TBE) buffer at constant voltage. Images were photographed Vasopressin Receptor under UV light using a gel documentation system Diarrheal hospital log book, case report forms and genotype result reports were used to generate data for statistical analysis. All logs and forms were scrutinized for completeness, the data entered into Excel 2012 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) and cleaned. Analysis was performed using QuickCalcs, version 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Tests of proportion, Chi-squared tests were applied and a P value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The study was conducted according to The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki), GCP guidelines issued by the Central Drug Standards and Control Organisation, India and the ethical guidelines by Indian council of Medical Research. Independent Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board clearance was obtained before initiation of the study at each study center. The study was formally registered under the Clinical Trials Registry – India with a registration number of CTRI/2012/03/002475.