Dietary fibres can be water soluble or insoluble (Oakenfull, 2001), influencing water behaviour during freezing and frozen storage of bakery products (Chen, Jansson, Lustrup, & Swenson, 2012; Filipovic & Filipovic, 2010; Leray, Oliete, Mezaize, Chevallier, & Lamballerie, 2010). Depending on the ratio of insoluble to soluble fibres, they can also interfere in the baking processes of part-baked breads by retarding starch gelatinization (Polaki, Xasapis, Fasseas, Yanniotis, & Mandala, 2010). Wheat bran is one of the most widely used fibre sources in bakery products, once it comes from wheat and is a by-product

of the flour milling process. Wheat bran is mainly an insoluble fibre source, but it can hydrate and physically entrap water (Ortiz & Lafond, 2012). These properties are due to the presence of hemicellulose (53.5 g/100 g) and pectic substances (2.0 g/100 g), CAL-101 nmr once cellulose (18.9 g/100 g) and lignin (12.1 g/100 g), also present in wheat bran, are substances with highly organized molecular structures, which do not have affinity with water (Johnson & Southgate, 1994). Wheat

bran has very interesting nutritional properties because in addition to fibres, it has vitamins, minerals and high antioxidant content (Gómez, Jiménez, Selleckchem GSK2118436 Ruiz, & Oliete, 2011). High-amylose starch, particularly from corn, has received attention (Würsch, 1999) because a large body of scientific evidence has validated its nutritional properties. It is a type II resistant starch and can act as a fibre in the digestive tract (Finocchiaro, Birkett, & Okoniewska, 2009). The starch granules from Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK high-amylose corn are more compact and more crystalline than those from normal corn (White, 2000). The amylose component of starch possesses unique chemical and physical properties which result in specific functionalities (Fergason, 2000). It holds significantly less water than traditional dietary fibres. Resistant starch does not compete for the water needed by other ingredients and allows for easier processing because it does not contribute to stickiness. In most applications, it does not alter the taste, texture, or appearance of the

food (Liu, 2005). On the other hand, locust bean gum (LBG) is a very hydrophilic fibre source and it has been demonstrated to act as moisture retention agent in frozen bakery products (Sharadanant & Khan, 2003). Locust bean gum consists of high molecular weight polysaccharides composed of galactomannans; mannose:galactose ratio is about 4:1 (JECFA, 2011). The presence of continuously substituted large blocks of galactose molecules on the mannan chain, which is separated by blocks of bare backbone, results in certain unique and specific functional properties (Mathur, 2011). This structure allows the penetration and interaction of water with this structure, making this fibre have high water absorption capacity (Almeida, Chang, & Steel, 2010).

A simple threshold

model shows that the expansion of ventral, and the compaction of dorsal target gene domains roughly follow the changing concentration thresholds of nuclear Dl concentration, although Dl is not sufficient to account for the precise shape and placement of dorsal boundaries [38•]. In addition, most Dl targets depend on the ubiquitous co-regulator Zelda (Zld), which acts by modulating Dl threshold responses [42]. Another maternal system that has been studied using quantitative modeling is the terminal Tor MAP-kinase signaling cascade. Here, models have been used to investigate the gradual sharpening of the signaling gradient over time, which can be explained by nuclear trapping of downstream signaling factors [43 and 44]. Furthermore, kinetic models have been used to gain interesting new insights into the role of MAP-kinase substrate competition in gene learn more regulation and the establishment of asymmetry along the A–P axis [45••, FK228 46•• and 47••]. Maternal gradients alone are not sufficient to position target gene expression domains in the blastoderm embryo. The trunk gap genes hb, Krüppel (Kr), knirps (kni), and giant (gt), for example, rely on cross-repressive interactions among each

other for sharpening, maintenance, and positioning of their expression domain boundaries ( Figure 2c) [ 7]. Dynamic anterior shifts in boundary positions are caused by asymmetric repressive feedback among overlapping gap domains [ 48, 49 and 50••]. A number of recent studies show that regulation of head gap genes also relies on combinatorial regulation [ 51, 52 and 53]. In this case, Bcd is activating its target proximally (close to the gradient source), while activating a repressor in Etomidate more distal regions. Unlike stated in [ 53] this does not constitute evidence for diffusion-driven (Turing) patterning. Instead, this mechanism is reaction-driven (just as for trunk gap genes) depending on regulatory interactions among morphogen

targets. Finally, D–V target domain boundaries also depend on regulation among factors downstream of Dl, especially in the dorsal region of the embryo [ 37• and 38•]. These interactions give rise to complex gene regulatory networks, whose function can be studied using the theory of non-linear dynamical systems [54•• and 55••]. This theory describes dynamical behavior in terms of state trajectories that converge to attractors. The set of attractors represents the dynamical repertoire of a system. A system with two alternative point attractors, for example, is called bistable. Attractors are more or less insensitive to small changes in the values of system parameters. The extent of this resilience delineates the structural stability (or robustness) of the system. Structural stability breaks down at critical values of parameters, called bifurcation points. Investigations of non-linear dynamics can generate specific and distinct hypotheses that are amenable to empirical tests.

, 2011, Camargo et al., 2006, Camargo and Toledo, this website 2003, García-Falcón and Simal-Gándara, 2005, Teixeira et al., 2007, Tfouni et al., 2009, Tfouni and Toledo, 2007 and Vieira et al., 2010). During the years, PAHs have attracted attention mostly due to their carcinogenic potential. Exposure to PAHs occurs through the airways, skin and digestive tract, and bioavailable fractions are absorbed through all three routes. The compounds

have to be metabolically activated in order to the compounds toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects take place (EFSA, 2008 and IARC, 2010). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified benzo(a)pyrene in the group 1, as carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2012). During its 64th meeting, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) concluded that 13 of the 33 PAHs evaluated were clearly carcinogenic and genotoxic, including the four compounds selected for this study (WHO, 2005). Coffee is a very popular beverage in many countries. With almost 1.57

million tons of green coffee exported, Brazil is the world’s largest exporter, producing beans of the arabica (73.1% of the production) and canephora (26.8%) species agonist (ABIC, 2010 and CONAB, 2010). Ground roasted coffees commercially available in the Brazilian market are produced either exclusively with Coffea arabica species or with a blend of C. arabica and Coffea canephora, where dark roasted coffee is the most popular and main type commercialized and there are different procedures used for brewing. Coffee’s roasting process is responsible for its characteristic flavour and final quality. In this process, several substances are formed or eliminated, providing flavour, acidity

Chorioepithelioma and body (Melo, 2004). On the other hand, undesirable compounds such as furan, acrylamide and PAHs may also be formed (Arisseto et al., 2008, Arisseto et al., 2011, Kruijf et al., 1987 and Tfouni et al., 2012). The formation of these compounds may be related to coffee composition, which, as reported by different studies, varies according to species and cultivar. Differences in amino acids, caffeine and chlorogenic acids levels were described for different coffee species, cultivars and roasting degrees (Campa et al., 2005, Farah et al., 2005, Ky et al., 2001, Martín et al., 1998, Murkovic and Derler, 2006 and Perrone et al., 2008). Previous study has pointed coffee brew as a potential source of PAHs intake by the Brazilian population, contributing with approximately 0.88 μg to the dietary intake of these contaminants by the studied population (Camargo & Toledo, 2002).

The angiographic method chosen is influenced by other conditions of the patient (Fig. 3). In patients with extensive arteriosclerosis and renal insufficiency MRA without contrast material is reasonable Selleckchem ABT-199 to be performed (Class IIa, Level of Evidence: C). DSA may also be considered in case of renal dysfunction because of the advantage of limiting the amount of potentially nephrotoxic contrast material (Class IIb, Level of Evidence: C). When MRA is contraindicated, e.g. in patients with claustrophobia or implanted pacemaker, CTA can be effective for patient’s evaluation

(Class IIa, Level of Evidence: C). When duplex US, CTA, or MRA suggests complete carotid occlusion, catheter-based contrast angiography might be reasonable to decide whether carotid lumen is suitable for revascularization

procedure (Class IIb, Level of Evidence: C). Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the gold standard for the treatment of carotid atherosclerosis. It is recommended if the degree of stenosis is more than 70% measured by non-invasive methods (Class I, Level of Evidence A) [9], or more than 50% with catheter angiography (Class I, Level of Evidence: B) [10] in symptomatic patients (TIA or ischemic stroke within the past 6 months) at average or low surgical risk with an anticipated perioperative stroke or mortality rate less than 6%. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is an alternative method of CEA, which might be considered for patients with severe (>70%) stenosis, especially if Proteasome inhibitor the stenosis is difficult to access surgically (Class IIb, Level of Evidence: B) [11]. Non-invasive control of the extracranial arteries can be useful new 1 month, 6 months and annually after revascularization (CEA/CAS) to ascertain the patency and to exclude the development of ipsi- or contralateral lesions (Class IIa, Level of Evidence: C).

Vertebral artery atherosclerosis is responsible for approximately 20% of posterior circulation stroke, which can be an underestimation because of the difficult visualization of vertebral arteries by ultrasonography [12]. The symptoms of vertebral artery disease include dizziness, vertigo, diplopia, tinnitus, blurred vision, perioral numbness, ataxia, bilateral sensory deficits and syncope. After clinical history and examination of the patient non-invasive imaging is needed in the initial evaluation process. In patients with symptoms suggesting posterior circulation deficits MRA or CTA should be preferred over ultrasonography to detect vertebral artery disease (Class I, Level of Evidence: C). If the location and degree of stenosis cannot be defined with certainty by these non-invasive methods and the patient with vertebrobasilar insufficiency symptoms may be a candidate to undergo revascularization procedure, catheter-based contrast angiography is reasonable to assess the pathoanatomy of the artery (Class IIa, Level of Evidence: C).

faecalis (ATCC-29212), E. coli (ATCC-35218), P. aeruginosa (ATCC-27853) and S. aureus (ATCC 25325). All bacteria were obtained from the National

Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, RJ, Brazil and maintained in tubes Alpelisib mouse with BHI at 37 °C until reaching the exponential log phase. All strains were stored at −80 °C until use and cultures were grown in 3% (w/v) Trypticase Soy Broth (TBS) at 37 °C. Six fungal isolates, all known plant pathogens, were used for antifungal activity assays. The fungi Alternaria sp., Fusarium oxysporum, A. niger, A. ochraceus, Cladosporium fulvum and Colletotrichum sp. were supplied by the Department of Protección Vegetal of the Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA, Las Brujas, Uruguay). Fungi were cultured on PDA at 27 °C. Fungal spores were collected as described

[2]. The concentration of the sporangial suspensions were estimated using a cell counting chamber and adjusted to 2 × 106 spores mL−1 [1], and stored in 20% glycerol at −80 °C until use. Peptides were synthesized by the solid-phase synthesis method in a PSS-8 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) Pep Synthesizer according to the fluoren-9-methyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-polyamide active ester chemistry [26]. The synthesized peptides were purified using a Vydac (Altech Associates, Inc., USA) reverse-phase C18 column and the purity was confirmed selleck by matrix-associated laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectroscopy (Kratos Kompact MALDI, Manchester, UK). The amino acid sequences of the peptides are listed in Table 1. Before the biological assays, lyophilized

peptides were solubilized in sterile Milli-Q water to a final concentration of 1 mM and filtered sterilized through a 0.22-μm pore filter. The mean hydrophobic moment (μH) values for the pleurocidin peptide fragments at different angles (δ) were calculated as described [10] and [11] by the equation: μH(δ)=(ΣHn sin(δH))2+(ΣHn cos(δH))2Nwhere N is the number of residues and n is the specific residue within the peptide sequence; Hn is the hydrophobic value, according to the normalized consensus Selleck Temsirolimus hydropathy scale [34] assigned to residue n; and δ is the angle (in radians) between successive residues (e.g., δ is equal to 100° for an α helix). Screening for the bacterial effect was performed at a peptide concentration of 100 μg mL−1 using the tube dilution method. Briefly, 0.9 mL of the bacterial suspension was incubated with 0.1 mL of peptide solution (1 mg mL−1) at 37 °C for 2 h, aerobically. Growth controls were performed with brain heart infusion (BHI) and saline. Negative growth controls were performed under the same conditions with 10 μg mL−1 of gentamicin. Colony formations units (CFU) were counted by streaking remaining bacteria on Mueller-Hinton Agar. First, 5 × 105 CFU mL−1 was incubated for 18 h at 37 °C in a final volume of 100 μl of MHB with 0.1–100 μg mL−1 of peptides using 24-well polypropylene plates.

SKOV3ip1 cells expressing WT1 − 17AA/− KTS rapidly produced tumors (3/3), and mice injected with the cells were usually dead within 40 days, while mice injected with SKOV3ip1 cells expressing control vector (3/3), WT1 + 17AA/− KTS (3/3), WT1 − 17AA/+ KTS (3/3), or WT1 + 17AA/+ KTS (3/3) developed only small tumors, even after 40 days. Based on these preliminary data, we euthanized mice injected with WT1 − 17AA/− KTS-expressing cells on day 36 and mice injected with cells expressing control vector or the other variants on day 40. The appearances of the mice are shown in Luminespib Figure 1B. Mice injected with cells expressing − 17AA/− KTS showed a significant increase

in body weight gain compared to mice injected CDK inhibitor with cells expressing control vector, + 17AA/− KTS, or − 17AA/+ KTS ( Figure 1C). However, there were no significant differences in abdominal circumference gains among the five groups of mice ( Figure 1D). Interestingly, overexpression of the − 17AA/− KTS splice variant resulted in a significant increase in the volume of ascites, compared with that in mice infected with cells expressing the control vector or other WT1 variants ( Figure 1E). The extent of intra-abdominal dissemination is visually shown in Figure 2A. Massive intra-abdominal dissemination was detected in mice injected with cells expressing the WT1 − 17AA/− KTS

variant. Mice injected with cells expressing the control vector, WT1 + 17AA/− KTS, WT1 − 17AA/+ KTS, or WT1 + 17AA/+ KTS showed

a little intra-abdominal dissemination. Histological analysis of intra-abdominal lesions developed in mice injected with cells expressing the control vector or each variant confirmed the findings of serous Ergoloid adenocarcinoma ( Figure 2B), which was consistent with SKOV3ip1 cells, as described previously [30]. There was no difference in histological findings in cells expressing each of the four WT1 variants ( Figure 2B). Tumors that had disseminated within the abdomen were measured by resected tumor weight ( Figure 2C). Overexpression of − 17AA/− KTS resulted in a significant increase in the disseminated tumor weight, as compared with that in tumors expressing the control vector or + 17AA/+ KTS variant. There were no significant differences in disseminated tumor weights in mice injected with cells expressing the control vector or other variants. Immunoblot analysis showed that WT1 was abundantly expressed in tumors obtained from mice inoculated with cells expressing the four variants (Figure 3A). Absence of WT1 expression was confirmed in tumors from mice inoculated with cells expressing the control vector. Additionally, PCR analysis of RNA extracted from the tumors confirmed the expression of each WT1 variant, including the specific 17AA/KTS insertion/deletion, and the absence of WT1 from the control ( Figure 3B).

Os TNE totalizam 3-5% das neoplasias sólidas pancreáticas. Com frequência, as suas características ecomorfológicas são discriminativas, sendo tipicamente homogéneos, hipoecóicos, com margens bem delimitadas e hipervasculares (fig. 3). O seu

diâmetro médio é inferior a 1,5 cm, mas podem atingir grandes dimensões, particularmente no caso dos tumores não funcionantes. Variantes morfológicas incluem lesões isoecóicas ou hiperecóicas, com calcificações e aspetos de degenerescência quística. Alguns achados ecomorfológicos podem predizer malignidade, nomeadamente a existência de uma área central ecogénica e irregular, áreas quísticas ou a dilatação obstrutiva do sistema ductal pancreático41. O diagnóstico pode ser confirmado por PAAF-EE e estudo imuno-histoquímico, que se caracteriza pela marcação com sinaptofisina e cromogranina A. A análise molecular

MLN8237 price com quantificação do Ki-67 tem provado utilidade na avaliação do comportamento maligno dos TNE, sendo preditiva da sobrevida aos 5 anos 42. O sistema de estadiamento é idêntico ao dos tumores pancreáticos exócrinos. A EE tem uma acuidade diagnóstica global de 57-89% para os TNE da área pancreato-duodenal. A sensibilidade varia entre 80-90% para os tumores de localização pancreática, e entre 30-50% para os tumores de localização extrapancreática43, 44, 45, 46 and 47. Assim, é útil http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-2206.html na suspeita clínica de TNE cuja localização primária não foi identificada pelos métodos de imagem convencionais (TC), permitindo detetar a quase totalidade dos insulinomas e também dos gastrinomas, exceto quando estes se localizam

na parede duodenal, em que apresentam geralmente dimensões mais reduzidas48. Comparativamente à cintigrafia com 111In-Pentatreótido-OctreoscanTM, a EE tem uma sensibilidade diagnóstica superior, além de permitir a caracterização cito-histológica do tumor primário e de eventuais metástases49. O uso de contraste para deteção do padrão hipervascular lesional é um valioso método para localizar e diagnosticar pequenos TNE50. either O linfoma primário do pâncreas, que corresponde geralmente a um linfoma não Hodgkin (LNH) de grandes células B, representa 0,5% das neoplasias sólidas do pâncreas e 3% dos casos de LNH extranodal51. O envolvimento pancreático secundário é mais comum, ocorrendo em cerca de 1/3 dos doentes com LNH52. Assume tipicamente a forma de uma massa homogénea e hipoecóica, bem circunscrita, localizada na cabeça do pâncreas, regra geral sem invasão das estruturas vasculares e sem dilatação do ducto pancreático principal53. Quando o padrão é infiltrativo pode confundir-se com aspetos da pancreatite aguda. Coexistem, habitualmente, múltiplas linfadenopatias peripancreáticas, que têm uma localização caraterística inferior às veias renais54.

But there is no published study that

determined the optimal cooling rate of rat sperm. Determination of optimal extender composition for various species has enabled development of better cryopreservation protocols [14], [38] and [53]. An ideal sperm extender should have optimum pH, buffering capacity, suitable osmotic pressure and protect sperm against cold shock [45]. The solutions of Tris-citrate-EY, skim milk-EY, lactose-EY and Tris-TES are the most commonly used sperm extenders [56]. Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate (mKRB) solution containing raffinose, 0.75% Equex STM, 0.05% sodium dodecly sulfate (SDS) and EY greatly enhanced the cryosurvival of rat sperm [57]. The use of EY reduces chilling injury to sperm in many mammalian species [38]. In a recent study [51], we found that the addition of 20% lactose-egg yolk (LEY) into extenders reduced motility loss after chilling. In addition, Selleck ZD1839 various SDS-based products improve the effectiveness of EY during sperm freezing for several mammalian species including mouse [40], rat [34], cat [5], dog [39] and pig [8]. Equex Paste (EP) and Orvus ES Paste are the commercial forms of SDS which is a water-soluble anionic detergent. Equex Paste is used for horse and swine sperm cryopreservation. Equex Paste with EY has more

protective effect against freezing damage and cold shock [41] due to increase of protective activity of EY by changing the structure of lipoproteins of egg yolk [4]. Many previous

reports suggest Selleckchem ZVADFMK that sperm from different species respond differently to chilling, CPA, and extenders [2], [17], [31], [44] and [51]. The addition of permeating CPA (e.g. glycerol) and non-permeating sugars (e.g. sucrose, raffinose and trehalose) to extenders has been effective for cryopreservation of sperm from various mammalian species [3] and [4]. Glycerol is the most common CPA used for freezing sperm from various species [42] and [45]. However, addition of glycerol to extenders was found to be detrimental to mouse sperm [26] and not effective for rat sperm freezing [34]. Furthermore, many reports suggested that raffinose is an effective CPA for mouse and rat [25], [26], [32], [33], [37] and [57]. For successful cryopreservation, careful selection of extender as well as an appropriate CPA that works Cediranib (AZD2171) well with the chosen extender to maintain high sperm motility after freezing is necessary [51]. In this study we performed series of experiments to determine appropriate CPA, extender and cooling rate to improve post thaw rat sperm viability. All chemicals were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise stated. 10 to 12 weeks old SD and Fisher 344 (F344) rats were used as sperm donors. The rats were housed in accordance with the policies of the University of Missouri Animal Care and Use Committee and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

, 2010 and Wang et al., 2012, we develop a new approach taking into account the physical theory of directional and frequency decomposition of swell waves (e.g. Holthuijsen, 2007). The new model is then applied to 5 sets of projections of the atmosphere by four different RCMs (forced by one or two GCMs; see Table 1), to explore the inter-model variability and to project future changes in wave climate, as done by Casas-Prat and Sierra (2013) with dynamical downscaling. The study area is situated in the NW

Mediterranean Small molecule library Sea, focusing on the Catalan coast (highlighted in red in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The new method is therefore adapted to the features of this zone, providing the area with a range of wave projections that are of sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolutions for coastal impact assessments in the context of climate change. In general, we aim to develop a computationally inexpensive method of general applicability. Thus, our method can easily be adapted for use in other regions. The remainder of this paper is structured BYL719 supplier as follows. Section 2 describes the main features of the atmospheric and wave climate of the study area, and Section 3, the datasets used to calibrate and validate the statistical model and to project the future wave climate

conditions in this area. Section 4 describes how the statistical method is developed and applied to the study area. Along with some discussion, Section 5 presents the results of model evaluation, and future wave projections are discussed in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the main conclusions of this study, along with some discussion. Although Thalidomide we focus on the wave climate along the Catalan coast, in order to account for swell waves (see Section 2.2), a larger domain (than merely the Catalan sea area) is considered as the “study area”, which is illustrated with a black square in Fig. 1 and shown enlarged

in Fig. 2. In determining the boundaries of this study area, we consider: (1) the maximum fetch affecting the Catalan coast and (2) the shadow effects produced by the Balearic islands (more details in Section 2.2). We will produce therefore wave climate projections for the whole study area (not only for the Catalan coast). However, the results are less reliable/accurate for grid points near the domain boundaries, especially those that are close to the Gibraltar strait, since no exchange with the Atlantic Ocean is considered in the datasets used. Having a better knowledge of the main aspects of atmospheric and (corresponding) wave climate is important to better design the statistical model, and to properly interpret the modeling results. Therefore, a review of those aspects has been undertaken and is presented in the subsections below. Several reviews and studies have been carried out in the recent years in order to better describe the characteristics of the complex Mediterranean climate (e.g. Bolle, 2003, Campins et al., 2011, Lionello et al.

On average, the geometric mean income for study households on Guadalcanal (SBD$1900, 95% confidence limits $1472–$2450) were higher than those on Malaita (SBD$1260, 95% confidence limits $938–$1693). There was no significant relationship between income and location (inland or coastal) in either Province. Although people living in Auki town had slightly higher

incomes than those from out of town, the data were highly variable and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Households on Guadalcanal consumed both salt-fish (P=0.001) and tilapia (P=0.04) more frequently than the households on Malaita, but otherwise the consumption of different types of fish and meat was similar ( Fig. 4). Households in town, in both provinces, Selleckchem MS-275 ate more tinned fish; however the reasons for this are not easily explained by the data. Although tinned fish are associated with affluence ( Table 3), as described above, these

households did not show up as being significantly more affluent than those further from town. On Guadalcanal, the consumption of tinned fish for households in town was significantly higher than either households with daily or with non-daily access to town (P<0.001) ( Fig. 4), but daily access and non-daily access were not significantly different from each other. In Malaita, where it was only possible to compare within town and daily access, the households in town consumed tinned Veliparib clinical trial fish significantly more frequently than those with daily access (P<0.001) and they consumed tilapia significantly less frequently (P=0.015). In order to examine whether income affected the choice of fish or meat, the data were examined separately for each province and then pooled to examine the patterns across both provinces Org 27569 using

rank correlation. Overall, in both provinces, income was significantly positively correlated with marine fish (P=0.035), tinned fish (P=0.005) and meat (P=0.003) ( Table 3). When examined by province, this pattern also held for Guadalcanal (marine fish, P=0.047; tinned fish, P=0.05 and meat, P=0.042). On Malaita, there were strong positive correlations with income and meat (P=0.013) and tinned fish (P=0.011), but the correlation with marine fish was not significant. Instead, low income on Malaita correlated with high consumption of salt-fish (P=0.004). Respondents were asked to rank the fish and meat products that they ate at least occasionally, starting from a rank of ‘1’ as their most preferred to their least preferred ‘4’. They were asked to exclude price in this instance but to consider any other aspect, such as taste. As few people were consuming non-fish products other than chicken, the analysis of preference was restricted to the top four preferences for fish and chicken, a rank higher than ‘4’ was omitted. A number of respondents ranked more than one item equally and so the findings are weighted by this factor.