Compared with neat PBS, the incorporation of MWCNTs into the matrix led to higher complex viscosities (|eta*|), storage modulus (G’), loss modulus (G ”), shear thinning behaviors, and lower damping factor (tan delta) at low frequency range, and shifted the PBS/MWCNT composites from liquid-like to solid-like, which affected the crystallization behaviors and thermal stabilities of PBS. The presence of a very small quantity

of MWCNTs had a significant heterogeneous-nucleation effect SYN-117 on the crystallization of PBS, resulting in the enhancement of crystallization temperature, i.e., with the addition of 0.5 wt % MWCNTs, the values of T-c of PBS/MWCNT composites could attain to 90 degrees C, about 6 degrees C higher than that of neat PBS, whereas the values of Tc increased slightly with further increasing the MWCNTs content. The thermogravimetric analysis illustrated that the thermal stability of PBS was improved with the addition of MWCNTs compared with that of neat PBS. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 59-67, 2011″
“Background: Sudden death (SD) and non-sudden cardiac death are responsible for the majority

of deaths in patients with heart failure. We sought to identify the influence of comorbid illness (Charlson Comorbidity BAY 80-6946 datasheet Index [CCI]) on competing modes of death in heart failure.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 824 patients followed in a tertiary care heart failure clinic was performed. We analyzed the cumulative incidence of sudden and nonsudden death. Competing

risk regression was used to examine the association between medical comorbidities and mode of death. The outcomes of interest were overall mortality, SD, SD and/or appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy (ICD), and non-SD.

Results: Mean age of the study population Q-VD-Oph solubility dmso was 64.1 +/- 14.7 years, 68.6% were male, and mean ejection fraction was 32.8% +/- 13.5%. Over a mean follow-up of 4.4 years, 229 patients (27.8%) died. SD accounted for 33 deaths (14.4%), whereas SD/appropriate ICD therapy occurred in 56 patients (24.5%). The risk of non-SD and total mortality increased (P < .0001) as the CCI increased, whereas the risk of SD decreased (P = .03). The cumulative incidence of SD, SD and/or ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, and non-SD at 5 years was 5.6%, 9.1%, and 27.8%, respectively. In multivariate competing risk analysis, advancing age, New York Heart Association class, and a CCI > 4 were significantly associated with non-SD.

Conclusion: Patients with heart failure with significant comorbidities are much more likely to sustain non-SD. These findings may have implications in optimal selection of patients with heart failure for interventions such as prophylactic ICD therapy.”
“Objective.

The panel recommended Selleckchem BMS-754807 that DVP continue to draw attention to the importance of sexual violence prevention as a public health issue, build on prior investments in the Rape Prevention and Education Program, support high-quality surveillance and research activities, and enhance communication to improve the link between research and practice. Current DVP projects and priorities provide a foundation to actively address these recommendations. In addition, DVP continues to provide leadership and guidance to the research and practice fields, with the goal

of achieving significant reductions in SV perpetration and allowing individuals to live to their full potential.”
“The current clinical case highlights the diagnostic process in characterizing an unusual green macular lesion of the maxillary gingiva. A review of the history revealed that the patient had suffered trauma to the oral tissues during a soccer match 2 years prior. An incisional biopsy was performed and microscopic analysis demonstrated the presence of a granulomatous reaction to a needle-shaped,

birefringent foreign material. Comparative analysis of a specimen collected from the soccer field confirmed that the foreign material was artificial grass. Foreign material was also found inside the gingival epithelial cells.”
“Objectives: In this study we evaluated the possible epidemiologic selleck chemicals changes of oral cancer patients in the Netherlands between the years 1980-1984 and 2000-2004. We specifically studied the differences in male-female ratio, age, TNM-stage, site distribution, and alcohol and tobacco use. Materials and Methods: Patients from the VU University Sirtuin inhibitor Medical Center with an oral squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity registered in 1980-1984 (n=200), group 1, were compared to patients registered in 2000-2004

(n=184), group 2. Trends in prevalence, site distribution, TNM-stage, alcohol and tobacco use, age and gender were studied. Results: The male-female ratio has decreased from 1.8 to 1.2. There were no differences in age between the two groups of patients. The site distribution was similar in both groups. The most commonly involved sites were the tongue and the floor of mouth. In group 2 more patients were diagnosed with a T1 tumour. There were no differences in tobacco use between the two different groups. There were much more light drinkers (0-2 drinks per day) in group 2 than in group 1, whereas there were more heavy drinkers (>4 per day) in group 1 than in group 2 (p<0.001). This was observed in both male and female patients.

The rare cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children presenting with extensive bone involvement may represent an exaggerated form processes that are otherwise challenging to uncover. The authors describe the case of a 6-year-old child who presented with severe osteopenia that resolved at the time of leukemic remission. Compared to control sera, serum taken at disease presentation contained increased levels of a group

of osteolytic cytokines and was effective in activating preosteoclast BMS-777607 price cells in culture. Based on these findings, the authors describe an experimental model to identify agents that would interfere with leukemia mediated osteolytic process.”
“BACKGROUND: Disturbed glucose metabolism,

particularly in diabetes, is an important but not the sole factor leading to advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation. The AGE amount and its distribution in cardiopathic myocardial tissues in the presence or absence of diabetes are not well documented. The aim of this study was to assess AGE deposition in unaffected myocardial vessels in heart failure patients with and without diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) undergoing transplantation.

METHODS: The following groups were established: 14 hearts harvested from subjects with ischemic cardiopathy and DM2; 8 hearts from subjects with dilated cardiopathy with DM2; 67 hearts from subjects with GSK3326595 concentration ischemic cardiopathy; 47 hearts from subjects with dilated cardiopathy; and 14 hearts from autopsy cases with diagnosed DM2. A control group consisted of 20 heart donors.

AGE localization was determined immunohistochemically in tissue sections. A semi-quantitative scale was used to assess reaction intensity in arteries, AZD6094 supplier arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.

RESULTS: Both types of cardiomyopathy increased AGE accumulation in intramyocardial veins more than in arteries. The presence of DM2 significantly increased AGE in arterioles and capillaries, especially when coexisting with cardiomyopathy. The type of cardiopathy did not influence the pattern of AGE accumulation in myocardial vessels.

CONCLUSION: Both chronic heart failure and DM2 intensified AGE pathology and changed the susceptibility of myocardial vasculature to glycation. However, chronic heart failure increases AGE deposition mostly in veins, whereas DM2 predisposes arterioles to AGE accumulation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:558-64 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“Given growing concern of the sexual risks associated with crystal methamphetamine use and the dearth of research characterizing the use of methamphetamine among street-based sex workers (FSWs), this study aimed to characterize the prevalence and individual, social, and structural contexts of crystal methamphetamine use among FSWs in a Canadian setting.

EGFR mutational status was not an independent prognostic factor of gefitinib benefit;

rather, it was a predictive factor.

Conclusions: This study strongly suggested that gefitinib treatment improved OS of lung adenocarcinoma patients who had postoperative recurrence, especially those carrying EGFR mutations. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: While acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine, are beneficial in treating behavioral symptoms of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), their dose-limiting effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. We aimed to predict the occurrence of these gastrointestinal disturbances with rivastigmine therapy for optimal drug choice AS1842856 in vitro and improved compliance.

Materials and methods: Thirty patients with mild-to-moderate AD (scores 10-22 on the Mini-Mental State Examination) were administered a rivastigmine 18 mg patch with domperidone 30 mg (RWD) and without domperidone (RWOD; n = 15 each) for 20 weeks. Gastrointestinal disturbances were evaluated learn more using a frequency scale for symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (FSSG), Bristol stool form scale, laboratory data (hemoglobin, albumin, total cholesterol), body weight, and amount of food intake.

Results: After 12 weeks, FSSG scores were

higher in the RWOD group compared to baseline scores; however, no significant differences were noted between the RWD and RWOD groups. We then subdivided each group based on high and low baseline scores;

the RWOD high-score (>= 4) subgroup showed increased FSSG after 12 weeks compared with the baseline score. In both RWD and RWOD groups, the low-score (<= 3) subgroups showed no changes during see more the dose-escalation phase.

Conclusion: For AD patients with higher FSSG scores at baseline, domperidone was effective in preventing rivastigmine-related gastrointestinal disturbances.”
“The relative orientations between the lattices of the low pressure (B1) and high pressure (B2) phases of shock compressed KCl single crystals were examined using plate impact loading along the [111] and the [110] directions. The B2-phase lattice planes, perpendicular to the loading direction, were determined from transient x-ray diffraction measurements. Two closely spaced diffraction peaks were observed for the [111] loading direction. The lower Bragg angle peak is consistent with a 200 peak of a cubic B2-phase unit cell giving the orientation relation [111](B1) is parallel to [100](B2). The higher Bragg angle peak is not consistent with any peak from either a cubic B1 or a cubic B2 unit cell; the origin of this peak is unknown. Other experiments found no orientation relations; for the [111] loading direction, [111](B1) is not parallel to [211](B2) and for the [110] loading direction, [110](B1) is not parallel to [100](B2).

5 years old. The mean follow-up at the Pouchitis selleck products Clinic was 5.8 years. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the probabilities for pouch retention are 0.939, 0.916 and 0.907 at 3, 5 and 7 years, respectively. The predictor variables which were

included in the nomogram were smoking, duration of the pouch, baseline pouch diagnosis, and pre- and post-op use of biologics. The concordance index was 0.824. The nomogram seemed well calibrated based on the calibration curve.

Conclusions: The nomogram model appeared to predict late-onset pouch failure reasonably well with satisfactory concordance index and calibration curve. The nomogram is readily applicable for clinical practice in pouch patients. (C) 2011 European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier

B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Africa is the world’s second-largest and second most populous continent. It is also the poorest and most underdeveloped continent. Struggling to provide the essential health interventions for its occupants, the majority of African countries cannot Elafibranor datasheet regard renal replacement therapy a health priority.

Review: In 2007, Africa’s dialysis population constituted only 4.5% of the world’s dialysis population, with a prevalence of 74 per million population (pmp), compared to a global average of 250 pmp. In almost half the African countries, no dialysis patients are reported. The prevalence of peritoneal dialysis (PD) was 2.2 pmp, compared to a global prevalence of 27 pmp, with the bulk of African PD patients (85%) residing in South Africa. In North African countries, this website which serve 93% of the African dialysis population, the contribution of PD to dialysis is only 0%-3%. Cost is a major factor affecting the provision of dialysis treatment and many countries are forced to ration dialysis therapy.

Rural setting, difficult transportation, low electrification rates, limited access to improved sanitation and improved water sources, unsuitable living circumstances, and the limited number of nephrologists are obstacles to the provision of PD in many countries.

Conclusion: The potential for successful regular PD programs in tropical countries has now been well established. Cost is a major prohibitive factor but the role of domestic manufacture in facilitating widespread use of PD is evidenced by the South African example. Education and training are direly needed and these are areas where international societies can be of great help.”
“Background and aims: The neutrophil protein calprotectin has been investigated as a surrogate marker for intestinal inflammation. This study was designed to contrast fecal calprotectin levels in patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory intestinal diseases and to compare the results obtained from the standard ELISA-based method with those obtained from a novel desk-top device.

Materials and methods: Two hundred and thirty patients with primary VVs were included in this prospective study. A total of 128 (43 men, age 56 +/- 13) had an acute episode or a previous history of SVT, while 102 patients (27 men, age 48 +/- 12) did not. Coagulation profile investigation included serum levels of protein C (PC), protein Selleck Apoptosis Compound Library S (PS), anti-thrombin III (AT III), plasminogen (Plg), A(2) antiplasmin (A(2)Apl) and activated protein C resistance (APCR). This was performed at least 3 months after the SVT episode to ensure that the results were not altered. Age and body mass index (BMI) were also assessed.

Results: PC deficiency

was detected in 3/128 (2.3%), PS deficiency in 19/128 (14.8%), AT III deficiency in 29/128 (22.7%), Pig deficiency in 9/128 (7%), A(2)Apl excess in 3/128 (2.3%) and APCR in 9/128 (7%) patients with SVT and 0/102 (0%), 3/102 (2.9%), 15/102 (14.7%), 6/102 (5.8%), 0/102 (0%) and 1/102 (0.9%) in the control group, respectively. BMI greater than 30 kg m(-2) was associated with SVT. In logistic regression analysis SVT was associated with PS deficiency (odds ratio (OR) 6.7, p = 0.004, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.83-24.53), obesity (OR 3.5, p = 0.003, 95% CI 1.53-8.05) and age (OR 1.038, p = 0.001, 95% CI 1.01-1.06).

Conclusions: Obesity, age and PS deficiency were found as factors associated with SVT episodes in patients selleck screening library with VVs. (C) 2011 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: Cardiac toxicity, manifested as diminished contractility, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure is a major issue in drug safety. Concerns revolve around targeted

drugs (TKIs) where contractility effects were not anticipated. The ability to predict cardiac toxicity early would help to de-risk drugs in GNS-1480 in vivo development and prepare physicians to manage risk in the clinic. Issues with current preclinical studies include insufficient testing with informative, translatable models, and predictive biomarkers. The isolated heart model is amenable to multiple assessments which can be combined with current technologies to assess toxicity on a multi-scale level. Methods: Rat isolated heart model was used to assess changes in left ventricular (LV) contractility and protein biomarkers BNP, IL6, TNF alpha, and cardiac troponins T (TnT) and I (TnI). Responses were assessed during perfusion with modified Henseleit Krebs (MHK), and 20 min concentration escalations of verapamil, carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), isoproterenol, or 20 min escalations bracketing clinical blood concentrations of sunitinib, sorafenib, and erlotinib. LV parameters and effluent for biomarkers were collected before and during escalating drug concentrations. Results: Verapamil reduced inotropy with no change in biomarkers, FCCP and isoproterenol reduced and increased heart function respectively and increased TnT and TNF alpha.

7 mu m emission between Er3+ and Nd3+ ions was proposed. Intense 2.7 mu m emission was obtained from Nd3+/Er3+ co-doped sodium tellurite glasses due to the efficient energy transfer from Nd3+ to Er3+ ions under 808 nm LD pumping. Meanwhile, strongly decreased 545 nm up-conversion and 1.5 mu m emissions were observed. Additionally, to obtain efficient 2.7 mu m emission, the optimized concentration ratio of Nd3+ to Er3+ was found to be MK-1775 research buy 0.5:1 in present glass

system. Our results suggest that the present Nd3+/Er3+ co-doped sodium tellurite glass might have potential application in mid-infrared lasers. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3601353]“
“A new and highly efficient method for determining relative carboxyl group distribution in carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene has been developed using practical synthetic

and analytical techniques. Using oxalyl chloride, samples of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene were rapidly transformed to acid chlorides that were then chemically derivatized with benzyl alcohol, 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol, and 3,5-dinitrobenzyl alcohol. This provided quick and quantitative BI 10773 conversion to the corresponding benzyl ester derivatives. Each new derivative was fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The benzyl ester modified polymers were investigated in detail to determine their relative carboxyl group concentrations. To do this, gel permeation chromatography combined with ultra violet/refractive index dual detection was employed. The 4-nitrobenzyl ester, having the highest extinction factor at 270 nm provided the best UV data for analysis. The ultra violet/refractive

index data of four separate polymer samples were plotted as a function of molecular weight. The data were compared with a theoretical plot (carboxyl group two for all molecular weights) to illustrate the relative carboxyl concentration over the entire molecular weight range. Supplemental characterization of the 4-nitrobenzyl modified polymer was carried out using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123:691-698, 2012″
“We report on the technology and the electrical properties of two different contact systems on n-GaAs nanowires. Annealed ASP2215 manufacturer Ge/Ni/Ge/Au and Pd/Ge/Au multilayer metallization were investigated. Rapid thermal annealing at temperatures common for identical contact systems on n-GaAs layers is found to be crucial due to an enhanced out-diffusion of the Ga component into the Au contact layer. The maximum annealing temperatures ensuring intact nanowires are 320 degrees C for Ge/Ni/Ge/Au and 280 degrees C for Pd/Ge/Au. The fabricated Pd/Ge/Au contacts reveal a specific contacts resistance of 2.77 x 10(-7) Omega cm(2), which is about one order of magnitude lower compared to the values of Ge/Ni/Ge/Au and also lower than Pd/Ge/Au contacts on bulk material (1.

clavipes nests, the brood cells were sealed with pollen alone, but no egg. In all three species, the presence of one or more virgin queens appeared to make the colonies nervous, even though constant production of virgin queens is vital to the survival of the colony and is part of the colony cycle in these bees.”
“Spherical gold (Au) nanoparticles are formed onto glass surface by sputtering of Au foil and the following annealing process. By employing electric

field assisted annealing of above as-prepared samples, the original spherical Au nanoparticles are dissolved to lunar-eclipselike Elacridar structure and even fully dissolved. When applied voltages are increased in steplike feature,

spikelike sharp current increase is observed at every voltage step, and it is followed by a rather long current decaying process. The spikelike current increase indicates the onset of electronic transport, leading to Au nanoparticles polarization and ionization. Long current decaying process is assigned to the electronic conduction from cathode to recombine with as-ionized positive charges, along with Au cationic transport resulting in dissolution of Au atoms from the nanoparticles. Our current study provides straightforward evidence of electric field Navitoclax molecular weight assisted dissolution of Au nanoparticles on glass surface.”
“Background Internationally, many children with asthma are not attaining achievable asthma control.

Aims To examine the prevalence of asthma in teenagers in four midland counties, their asthma control and the barriers, if any, to gaining control of asthma.

Methodology International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) methodology was used in a survey of

Junior Cycle Year 2 second-level students.

Results The prevalence of “”wheeze ever”" was 49.8%, “”wheeze in the last 12 Birinapant concentration months”" was 32.6% and “”asthma ever”" was 23.5%. Of teenagers with current asthma, 96% had evidence of sub-optimal asthma control during the previous year. For the majority of the teenagers with asthma, treatment was not guideline concordant; infrequent lung function testing, insufficient review after acute care and poor use of written asthma action plans. Barriers included lack of awareness of need for treatment.

Conclusions If asthma guidelines are implemented fully, these children may experience better health.”
“The Transcultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm (tDNA) is a clinical tool designed to facilitate implementation of therapeutic lifestyle recommendations for people with or at risk for type 2 diabetes. Cultural adaptation of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPG) recommendations is essential to address varied patient populations within and among diverse regions worldwide.

However, presence of the C allele was significantly associated with the risk of development of hypertriglyceridemia.

Conclusion: Our data did not confirm the APOA5 -1131T>C variant as a risk factor for development of CAD in our sample of Iranians.”
“A simple, fast and cost effective method for determination of Aceclofenac in pure and tablet formulations has been developed check details and validated. The method is based on formation of stable blue coloured complex (lambda(max) = 740nm) of Aceclofenac with ammonium molybdate in presence of sulfuric acid under microwave irradiation for 5min. Peak shift in FT-IR spectra also indicated

the formation of complex. Measurement of absorbance was carried out at lambda(max) = 740nm. The reaction obeys Beer’s law over the concentration range of 50-250 mu g/ml of Aceclofenac. The RSD (intra-day and inter-day precision) for the drug is not greater than 0.95% and recoveries were found to be in range of 99.01-99.99%. The proposed method can be used successfully for routine analysis of Aceclofenac

in pure and tablet formulations.”
“Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major event involved in the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease (HD). The present study evaluates the role of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) in preventing mitochondrial dysfunctions in a 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced model of HD. Administration of 3-NP to rats (Wistar strain) resulted in significant inhibition of mitochondria! complexes II, IV and V in the striatum. However, no significant 5-Fluoracil in vitro effect on complex I was observed. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation was observed in mitochondria of 3-NP-treated animals. Endogenous antioxidants (thiols and manganese-superoxide dismutase) were lowered in mitochondria of 3-NP-treated animals. 3-NP-treated animals showed increased cytosolic cytochrome c levels

and mitochondrial swelling. Increased expressions of caspase-3 and p53 were also observed in 3-NP-treated animals. Histopathological examination of the striata of 3-NP-treated animals revealed increased neural space, neurodegeneration and gliosis. This was accompanied by cognitive and motor deficits. NAC treatment, on the other hand, was found to be effective in reversing 3-NP-induced mitochondrial see more dysfunctions and neurobehavioral deficits. Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of NAC in HD. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Surgical options for pediatric patients with marked dysfunction of a single epileptogenic hemisphere have evolved over time. Complications resulting from highly resective operations such as anatomical hemispherectomy, including superficial siderosis and secondary hydrocephalus, have led to the development of less resective and more disconnective functional hemispherectomy. Functional hemispherectomy has recently given rise to hemispherotomy, the least resective operation primarily aimed at disconnecting the abnormal hemisphere.

It is shown that p-hydroxybenzoic and protocatehoic acids are the products of p-chlorobenzoic acid catabolism.”
“The aim of the present study was to clarify the Selleck Torin 1 clinical significance of anti-topoisomerase I antibody (Ab) levels in Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Using immunoprecipitation assays and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), anti-topoisomerase I Ab was detected in 53 SSc patients who visited Kanazawa

University Hospital between 2001 and 2010. In these patients, the association between serum anti-topoisomerase I Ab levels measured with ELISA and clinical features were compared using univariate analysis and multiple regression analysis. There were significantly positive correlations between anti-topoisomerase I Ab levels and the modified Rodnan total skin thickness score (MRSS) and skin thickness progression rate, and a significantly negative correlation with disease duration. On the other hand, anti-topoisomerase

I Ab levels were not significantly associated with other clinical features including lung involvement. In a longitudinal study, anti-topoisomerase I Ab levels were decreased significantly in patients PS-341 purchase that had decreased MRSS, but not in patients that had unchanged or increased MRSS. There was a significantly positive association between anti-topoisomerase I Ab levels and MRSS and a significantly negative association with disease duration by multiple regression analysis. Our findings suggest that serum levels of anti-topoisomerase I Ab reflect the severity of skin sclerosis in patients with SSc.”
“Activity

of key enzymes of n-alkane metabolism was determined in cells of Rhodococcus erythropolis EK-1, a surfactant producer grown on n-hexadecane. Potassium cations were found to inhibit alkane hydroxylase and NADP(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, while sodium cations were www.sellecn.cn/products/oligomycin-a.html found to activate these enzymes. Decreased potassium concentration (to 1 mM), increased sodium concentration (to 35 mM), and addition of 36 mu mol/l Fe(II), required for alkane hydroxylase activity, resulted in increased activity of the enzymes of n-hexadecane metabolism and in a fourfold increase of surfactant synthesis. A 1.5-1.7-fold increase in surfactant concentration after addition of 0.2% fumarate (gluconeogenesis precursor) and 0.1% citrate (lipid synthesis regulator) to the medium with n-hexadecane results from enhanced synthesis of trehalose mycolates, as evidenced by a 3-5-fold increase in phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase and trehalose phosphate synthase, respectively.”
“Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is generally used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Western countries. However, chloroquine retinopathy became a problem in Japan, and chloroquine has never been used since then. Even now HCQ remains non-approved.