Following TBI and ICH, administration of hBNP was associated with

improved functional performance as assessed by rotorod and Morris water maze latencies (p < 0.01). CBF was increased (p < 0.05), and inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha and IL-6; p < 0.05), activated microglial (F4/80; p < 0.05), and neuronal degeneration (Fluoro-Jade B; p < 0.05) were reduced in mice receiving hBNP. hBNP improves neurological function in murine models of TBI and ICH, and was associated with enhanced CBF and downregulation of neuroinflammatory responses. hBNP may represent a novel therapeutic strategy after acute CNS injury.”
“Background Aortic ischemia reperfusion (IR) is an important factor in the development of postoperative acute lung injury following abdominal aortic surgery The aim of our study was to selleck chemical examine the effect of beta glucan on lung injury Induced by abdominal aortic IR in rats\n\nMaterial and Methods Thirty two Wistar albino rats were randomized

into four groups (eight per group) as follows the control group (sham laparotomy), aortic IR (120 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion), aortic IR + beta glucan (beta glucan 50 mg/kg/d for 10 d was administered orally before IR), and control + beta glucan Lung tissue samples were obtained for biochemical analysis Protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar Selleck ACY-738 lavage fluid and lung wet/dry weight ratios were measured Histologic evaluation of the rat lung tissues was also performed\n\nResults selleck products Aortic IR significantly increased the levels of MDA, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and myeloperoxidase (P < 0 05 versus control) Whereas, beta glucan significantly decreased

the lung tissue levels of MDA, superoxide dismutase, catalase, myeloperoxidase, (P < 005 versus aortic IR), and protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as wet/dry lung weight ratio Histologic evaluation showed that beta glucan attenuated tic morphological changes associated with lung injury\n\nConclusions The results of this study indicate that beta glucan attenuates lung injury induced by aortic IR in rats We propose that this protective effect of beta glucan is due to (1) reduced systemic inflammatory response, (2) reduced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the lung tissue, (3) reduced pulmonary microvascular leakage, and (4) inhibition of leukocyte infiltration into the lung tissue (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved”
“Purpose Total pancreatectomy (TP) eliminates the risk and morbidity of pancreatic leak after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). However, TP is a more extensive procedure with guaranteed endocrine and exocrine insufficiency. Previous studies conflict on the net benefit of TP.

The spatial distribution of epiphytic dinoflagellates was investigated in the near-shore areas of Peter the Great Bay during the second half of September 2010 to evaluate the role of hydrodynamic conditions. Epiphytic

dinoflagellates were not found in sheltered sites having weak mixing hydrodynamics. However, the abundances of Ostreopsis spp. were significantly higher MI-503 at sites having moderate turbulence compared to biotopes experiencing strong wave action. Densities of Ostreopsis spp. were not significantly different on macrophytes with branched thallus of all taxonomic divisions. However, the average cell densities of Ostreopsis spp. on green algae with branched thallus were significantly higher than on green algae having laminar thallus. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: The bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) reaction is not included in the classical clinical criteria for Kawasaki disease (KD). However, a reaction at the BCG inoculation site has been mentioned among the “other clinical findings” that

are present in about 30-50% of KD patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of KD patients with check details reactions at the BCG inoculation site.\n\nMethods: A retrospective study of all patients diagnosed with KD between September 2000 and August 2010 was performed. The clinical presentations, laboratory results, treatment outcomes, and coronary artery abnormalities in the BCG-reactive [BCG(+)] and BCG-nonreactive [BCG(-)] groups were analyzed and compared.\n\nResults: In total, 145 patients with KD diagnosed at our institution were included; 46 (31.7%) had a reaction at the BCG inoculation site. The BCG(+) group was younger than the BCG(-) group. Laboratory results showed higher white blood cell counts, platelet counts, and

serum potassium levels, and lower low-density lipoprotein levels in the BCG(+) group. The BCG(+) group had a shorter fever duration before intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and a shorter total fever duration than the BCG(-) group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the age at diagnosis was the only Vorinostat factor significantly associated with a reaction at the BCG inoculation site in KD patients.\n\nConclusions: In countries with a national BCG vaccination program, a reaction at the BCG inoculation site could be a useful and early diagnostic sign of KD among younger patients, especially those younger than 6 months. Copyright (C) 2012, Taiwan Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.”
“Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with important roles in regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis. It is produced by various cell types, including endothelial cells (EC). However, the cell autonomous impact of PEDF on EC function needs further investigation.

Uptake of borreliae by immune cells is decisive for the course of the infection, and remodelling BTK inhibitor nmr of the host actin cytoskeleton is crucial in this process.

In this study, we showed that the actin-regulatory formin Daam1 is important in Borrelia phagocytosis by primary human macrophages. Uptake of borreliae proceeds preferentially through capture by filopodia and formation of coiling pseudopods that enwrap the spirochetes. Using immunofluorescence, we localized endogenous and overexpressed Daam1 to filopodia and to F-actin-rich uptake structures. Live-cell imaging further showed that Daam1 is enriched at coiling pseudopods that arise from the macrophage surface. This filopodia-independent step was corroborated

by control experiments of phagocytic cup formation with latex beads. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Daam1 led to a 65% reduction of borreliae-induced filopodia, and, as shown by the outside-inside staining technique, to a 50% decrease in phagocytic uptake of borreliae, as well as a 37% reduction in coiling pseudopod formation. Collectively, we showed that Daam1 plays a dual role in the phagocytic uptake of borreliae: first, as a regulator of filopodia, which are used for capturing spirochetes, and second, in the formation of the coiling pseudopod that enwraps the bacterial

cell. These data identify Daam1 LY3023414 as a novel regulator of B. burgdorferi phagocytosis. At the same time, this is the first demonstration of a role for Daam1 in phagocytic processes in general.”
“Polymeric brushes have emerged as a novel 3D material platform that provides great amounts of binding sites for biomolecules. This paper investigates the covalent immobilization mechanism of protein by spherical poly(acrylic acid) brushes (SPAABs) in the widely adopted N-hydroxysuccinimide/N-(3-dimethyl-aminopropy1)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride 17-AAG solubility dmso (NHS/EDC) process. It was discovered that electrostatic interaction plays a crucial role in the covalent immobilization of protein. Due to the existence of 3D architecture and “Donnan effect”, SPAABs exhibit quite different immobilization kinetics in comparison with conventional 2D materials. Under conditions favorable to electrostatic interaction, the effect of “electrostatic interaction induced covalent binding” was observed as a result of competitive immobilization by physical adsorption and chemical binding. On the basis of the mechanism study, a new “chemical conjugation after electrostatic entrapment” (CCEE) method was developed which set the chemical and physical immobilization process apart. A more effective and well-defined covalent immobilization was achieved.

\n\nRESULTS: Maximum amplitude (MA) was lower compared to baseline values in both groups after 50% dilution with normal saline (P < .001) and remained lower than baseline despite reconstitution with 3:1:0

or 1:1:0 PRBC:FFP:PLT (P < .0001) or 3:1:1 PRBC:FFP:PLT (P < .01). MA approached baseline (P = not significant) in the samples with 1:1:1 PRBC:FFP:PLT.\n\nCONCLUSION: The addition of PLT to 1:1 PRBC:FFP optimized MA in this in vitro hemodilutional model of postpartum hemorrhage.”
“It remains unclear whether brain structural abnormalities observed before the onset of psychosis are specific to schizophrenia or are common to all psychotic disorders. This study aimed to measure regional gray matter volume prior to the onset of schizophreniform and of affective psychoses. We investigated 102 subjects at ultrahigh risk (UHR) of developing psychosis recruited from the Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation Clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Z-DEVD-FMK Twenty-eight of these subjects developed psychosis subsequent to scanning: 19 schizophrenia, 7 affective psychoses, and 2 other psychoses. We examined regional gray matter volume using 1.5 mm thick, coronal, 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry methods of image analysis. Subjects were scanned at presentation and were followed up clinically for a minimum of 12 selleck chemicals months, to detect later

transition to psychosis. We found that both groups of subjects who subsequently developed psychosis (schizophrenia and affective psychosis) showed reductions in the frontal cortex relative to UHR subjects who did not develop psychosis. The subgroup that subsequently developed schizophrenia also showed smaller volumes in the parietal cortex and, at trend level, in the temporal cortex, whereas those who developed an affective psychosis had significantly smaller subgenual cingulate volumes. These preliminary findings suggest that volumetric abnormalities in UHR individuals developing schizophrenia

vs affective psychoses comprise a combination of features that predate both disorders and CBL0137 mouse others that may be specific to the nature of the subsequent disorder.”
“Objective: To determine whether arterial elasticity differs between obese adolescents with clinical insulin resistance (IR), type 1 diabetes (T1D) and healthy non-obese controls. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 69 adolescents with clinical IR, 91 with T1D and 63 age-matched (10- to 18-year-old) controls. Arterial elasticity was measured using radial tonometry pulse-wave analysis. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the determinants of the small and large arterial elasticity indices (SAEI and LAEI). Results: SAEI and LAEI raw values were higher in the IR group than the controls, and these did not differ between the T1D and control groups. Weight and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significant predictors of SAEI.

[2011-0098]“
“We report for the first time the distribution and hazard potential of aerosol and metals resulting from joss paper burning. Burning joss paper and incense is a traditional custom in many Oriental countries. Large amounts of air

pollutants, including particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, toxic metals and other gaseous pollutants, are released into the environment during the burning stage. Many investigations have reported on the emission of pollutants from the incense burning. However, no work has been reported until now on the analysis of the released pollutants apart from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, a micro-orifice uniform-deposit R788 cell line impactor and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry were, respectively, used to collect GNS-1480 concentration aerosols and characterize the toxic metals from joss paper burning. We studied two types of particulate matter (PM): PM2.5 that are particles with a diameter smaller than 2.5 mu m and PM10 that are particles with a diameter smaller than 10 mu m. PM2.5 are the most potentially toxic particles. Our results showed that PM2.5 are the major component of the pollutants and that the PM2.5 to PM10 ratio ranged from 62 to 99%. The metals Na, Ca, Mg, Al and K were the main species in the aerosol and in the bottom ash.”
“Aim

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are the main pathogens associated with the development of dental

caries in humans. Recently, the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR-TR) has been used for fast and exact quantification of these bacteria species. This molecular biology method has made the detection of these bacteria in saliva and dental plaque possible; additionally, NVP-BSK805 it aids the development of illness risk prediction. The purpose of this prospective, analytic, transversal, observational and unicenter study was to quantify the spaP gene of the Streptococcus mu tans and its correlation with caries in a group of children using isolated DNA from plaque samples processed through qPCR-TR, using specific oligonucleotides for this gene detection.\n\nMaterials and methods The cariogenic potential of Streptococcus mu tans in the dental plaque was analysed in a group of patients aged 12 to 46 months. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. The Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to establish the correlation between caries (dmft) index (decayed/missing/filled primary teeth), spaP gene and age group. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare MSB cultivation technique and qPCR-TR.\n\nResults and conclusion In the molecular trials, a close association between caries prevalence in childhood and the presence and high proportion of the spaP gene of S. mutans was found. The average caries prevalence was 3.71, and it increased as age range increased.

The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity [AUC((0-infinity))] of plasma

radioactivity was approximately 14-fold higher than the sum of the AUC((0-infinity)) of remogliflozin etabonate, remogliflozin, and 5-methyl-4-(4-[(1-methylethyl)oxy]phenylmethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (GSK279782), a pharmacologically active N-dealkylated metabolite. Elimination half-lives of total radioactivity, remogliflozin etabonate, and remogliflozin were 6.57, 0.39, and 1.57 h, respectively. Products of remogliflozin etabonate metabolism are eliminated primarily via renal excretion, with 92.8% of the dose recovered in the urine. www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html Three glucuronide metabolites made up the majority of the radioactivity in plasma and represent 67.1% of the dose in urine, with 5-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-4-(4-[(1-methylethyl)oxy]phenylmethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (GSK1997711) representing

47.8% of the dose. In vitro studies demonstrated that remogliflozin etabonate and remogliflozin are Pgp substrates, and that CYP3A4 can form GSK279782 directly from remogliflozin. A ketoconazole clinical drug interaction study, along with the human mass balance findings, Panobinostat purchase confirmed that CYP3A4 contributes less than 50% to remogliflozin metabolism, demonstrating that other enzyme pathways (e. g., P450s, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, and glucosidases) make significant contributions to the drug’s clearance. Overall, these studies support a low clinical drug interaction risk for remogliflozin etabonate due to the availability of multiple biotransformation pathways.”
“A recombinant antibody-binding protein originating from streptococcal protein G was modified with lipid in a site-directed manner by genetic engineering. The resulting lipoprotein was incorporated into the surface of liposomes by simple mixing. Immunoliposomes were then prepared by binding anti-IgG antibodies molecules onto the surface of proteoliposome via the lipid-anchored streptococcal

protein G. Either small fluorophores or fluorescently labeled Fludarabine in vivo proteins were encapsulated into prepared immunoliposomes, and these molecular tracers could be delivered into cells whose surfaces were marked with specific antibodies.”
“The timely administration of appropriate antifungal therapy for Candida bloodstream infections (CBSI) improves clinical outcomes. However, little data exist on the effect of antifungal therapy in patients with septic shock and candidemia. We describe antifungal treatment of patients with septic shock due to CBSI and its impact on in-hospital mortality. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of hospitalized patients identified with at least one positive blood culture for Candida between January 2003 and June 2007. All septic shock patients received vasopressor therapy and had candidemia within 72 hours of refractory shock.

AR blockade increased cytoplasmic beta-catenin at D2 and reduced levels of both myogenic proteins. Conclusion: Myogenic proteins are present in CM cells containing beta-catenin. AR blockade did not alter cellular adhesion via beta-catenin. In contrast, blocking AR prevented beta-catenin entering the nucleus and impaired CM myogenesis. Mutations in this pathway may result in idiopathic cryptorchidism. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Whey and casein labeled with L-[1-C-13]leucine and

muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 300: E231-E242, 2011. First published November 2, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2010.-Muscle protein turnover following resistance exercise and amino acid availability AZD7762 clinical trial are relatively well described. By contrast,

the beneficial effects of different sources of intact proteins in relation to exercise need further investigation. Our objective was to compare muscle anabolic responses to a single bolus intake of whey or casein after performance of heavy resistance exercise. Young male individuals were randomly assigned to participate SB203580 inhibitor in two protein trials (n = 9) or one control trial (n = 8). Infusion of L-[1-C-13]leucine was carried out, and either whey, casein (0.3 g/kg lean body mass), or a noncaloric control drink was ingested immediately after exercise. L-[1-C-13]leucine-labeled whey and casein were used while PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 cell line muscle protein synthesis (MPS) was assessed. Blood and muscle tissue samples were collected to measure systemic hormone and amino acid concentrations, tracer enrichments, and myofibrillar protein synthesis. Western blots were used to investigate the Akt signaling pathway. Plasma insulin and branched-chain amino acid concentrations increased to a greater extent after ingestion

of whey compared with casein. Myofibrillar protein synthesis was equally increased 1-6 h postexercise after whey and casein intake, both of which were higher compared with control (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of Akt and p70(S6K) was increased after exercise and protein intake (P < 0.05), but no differences were observed between the types of protein except for total 4E-BP1, which was higher after whey intake than after casein intake (P < 0.05). In conclusion, whey and casein intake immediately after resistance exercise results in an overall equal MPS response despite temporal differences in insulin and amino acid concentrations and 4E-BP1.”
“A number of recent studies have examined functional connectivity in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), generally converging on the finding of reduced interregional coordination, or underconnectivity. Underconnectivity has been reported between many brain regions and across a range of cognitive tasks, and has been proposed to underlie behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with ASD.

001) and mean FLR/TELV ratio (43 +/- 8% vs 36 +/- 7%, p < 0.001) were significantly higher after than before PVE. PVE using the AVP seems to be a relatively safe and effective technique for inducing hypertrophy of the FLR with minimal risk of recanalization.”
“SETTING: In a previous monitoring study of rifampicin (RMP) in tuberculosis (TB) patients treated with a generic formulation of a three-drug fixed-dose combination (3FDC), very low RMP levels were found. This led us to investigate the bioavailability of the product.\n\nOBJECTIVE: To investigate the relative bioavailability of RMP from a generic 3FDC formulation used in the Mexican health care system, in comparison to the reference product, VX-680 in healthy volunteers.\n\nDESIGN:

Two-period, two-sequence crossover study. RESULTS: Mean pharmacokinetic parameter values obtained for the test and reference product were respectively 3.13 +/- 2.01 mu g/ml and 9.95 +/- 2.66 mu g/ml for peak plasma concentration (C(max)), 15.51 +/- 9.77 mu g.h/ml and 58.03 +/- 16.1 mu g.h/ml for area under the concentration (AUC) time curve to the last measurable concentration (AUC(0-12h)) and 17.92 +/- 10.66 and 68.43 +/- 22.39 mu g.h/ml for AUC up to time

infinity (AUC(0-infinity)). The test/reference ratio of the means (90%CI) was 25.36% (17.33-37.10) for C(max), 21.25% (14.61-30.89) for AUC(0-12h) and 22.08% (15.44-31.56) for AUC(0-infinity). These results did not meet the criteria for bioequivalence.\n\nCONCLUSION: The test product displayed delayed absorption and markedly inferior RMP bioavailability in comparison to the reference product. RMP-containing generic formulations should only https://www.selleckchem.com/Proteasome.html be used if their bioavailability has been evaluated to ensure interchangeability with the reference product and to avoid the

risk of markedly inferior RMP exposure through the use of such a product.”
“Recently melatonin has been established as a hormone with multiple biological effects. Nevertheless, the data about its effects on haemocoagulation are relatively limited.\n\nThe present study was aimed to investigate melatonin effect(s) on the activity of plasma clotting factors V, XI, XII and XIII.\n\nThe study included 52 white male Wistar rats weighing https://www.selleckchem.com/products/xmu-mp-1.html 200-220 g on a 12/12 h light/dark regimen. Daily doses of melatonin of 0.2 mg/kg b.m. and luzindole of 0.4 mg/kg b.m. were used. Melatonin was administered s.c. twice daily at intervals of 12 h, for three consecutive days. The animals were divided into four equal groups (n = 13) and injected as follows: group one – with saline, group two – with melatonin., group three – with luzindole, and group four – with luzindole and one hour later – with melatonin.\n\nThe necessary blood volume was obtained by a cardiac puncture under urethane narcosis. Plasma clotting factor activities were determined by Diagnostica Stago (France) enzyme tests, while aPTT was estimated by a routine coagulation method.\n\nMelatonin increased significantly (p < 0.

Regression models examined percentage change in bone parameters with standardized measures of birth weight, height, and weight. A series of conditional growth models were fitted for height and weight gain (using intervals: birth-2, 2-4, 4-7, 7-15, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor 15-20, 20-36, and 36-64 years) and height gain (using intervals: 2-4, 4-7, 7-15,

and 15-36 years). Birth weight was positively related to bone CSA (M: 1.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3%-2.5%; F: 1.3%; 95% CI, 0.3%-2.4% per 1 SD increase in birth weight for diaphyseal CSA) and strength (M: 1.8%; 95% CI, 0.3-3.4; F: 2.0%; 95% CI, 0.5-3.5). No positive associations were found with trabecular, total, or cortical Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor vBMD. One SD change in prepubertal and postpubertal height and weight velocities were associated with between 2% and 5% greater bone CSA and strength. Height gain in later years was negatively associated with trabecular vBMD. Weight gain velocity during the adult years was positively associated with up to 4% greater trabecular and total BMD, and 4% greater aBMD at hip and spine. In a cohort born in the early post-war period, higher birth weight, gaining weight and height faster than

others, particularly through the prepubertal and postpubertal periods, was positively related to bone strength, mostly through greater bone CSA, at 60 to 64 years. (c) 2014 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.”
“In May 2007, the Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia created the position NVP-BSK805 of “Liaison Oncologist”. The holder of this position is responsible for coordinating specialised and primary hospital care in the geographic area of Valencia known as Health Care Department 9 to reduce the waiting time between cancer diagnosis and treatment.

In this article we describe the implementation of the innovative proposal of the Liaison Oncologist’s Consultation Clinic, which, apart from speeding up and directing diagnostic processes, facilitates access to treatment, prevents duplication of consultations and exploratory procedures by establishing therapeutic plans (preferential channels), gives continuity to diagnostic and therapeutic mechanisms, and permits active follow-up of patients who have finished treatment. An analysis of the results obtained shows that the clinic has allowed us to integrate the various aspects of medical oncology into one system and make it available to patients and primary and specialised care professionals.

GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes appeared to play a protective role for lung cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.47, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.24-0.93, p-0.03) and (OR-0.52, 95% CI: 0.28-0.96, p-0.04), but they were not associated with oral and gastric cancers. However, when data was analyzed in different geographic regions the GSTT1 null genotype was found to

be a significant risk factor for oral (OR-2.58, 95% CI 1.01-6.61, p-0.05) as well as gastric cancer (OR-3.08, 95% CI 1.32-7.19, selleck kinase inhibitor p-0.009) in samples obtained from the Assam region of NE India. This is the first study on the association of GST polymorphisms and aerodigestive tract cancers in the high-risk region of NE India.”
“Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a protein cross-linking enzyme with many additional biological functions, acts as coreceptor for integrin beta(3). We have previously shown that TG2(-/-) mice develop an age-dependent autoimmunity due to defective in vivo clearance of apoptotic cells. Here we report that TG2 on the cell surface and in guanine nucleotide-bound form promotes phagocytosis. Besides being a binding partner for integrin

beta(3), a receptor known to mediate the uptake of apoptotic cells via activating Rac1, we also show that TG2 binds MFG-E8 (milk fat globulin EGF factor 8), a protein known NF-��B inhibitor to bridge integrin beta(3), to apoptotic cells. Finally, we report that in wild-type macrophages one or two engulfing portals are formed during phagocytosis of apoptotic cells that are characterized by accumulation of integrin beta(3) and Rac1. In the absence of TG2, integrin beta(3), cannot properly recognize the apoptotic cells, is not accumulated in the phagocytic cup, and its signaling is impaired. As a result, the formation of the engulfing portals, as well as the portals formed, is much less efficient. We YM155 mouse propose that TG2 has a novel function to stabilize efficient phagocytic portals. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 182: 2084-2092.”
“Drug-seeking behavior elicited by drug-associated cues contributes to relapse in addiction; however, whether relapse elicited by drug-associated conditioned reinforcers (CR) versus discriminative stimuli

(DS) involves distinct or overlapping neuronal populations is unknown. To address this question, we developed a novel cocaine self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement paradigm that exposed the same rats to distinct cocaine-associated CR and DS. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine in separate sessions. In one, a DS signaled cocaine availability; in the other, cocaine delivery was paired with a different CR. After extinction training and reinstatement testing, where both cues were presented in separate sessions, rats were sacrificed and processed for cellular analysis of temporal activity by fluorescent in situ hybridization (CatFISH) for activity regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) mRNA and for radioactive in situ hybridization for Arc and zif268 mRNAs.