At the base root of it is [my doctors] think I’m negligent [for not giving my child vaccines] Selleck Protease Inhibitor Library or because I have one child with autism they think I’m mad, they think I’ve gone that way. (P20, no MMR1) Some parents accepting MMR1 were motivated to vaccinate because they feared their parenting would be evaluated negatively, particularly by health professionals, if their child were to contract measles, mumps or rubella. I’d feel really uncomfortable having to go into hospital and think that there are people looking at me thinking,

my God, why didn’t she get him vaccinated? Let her baby become ill and potentially die or whatever. (P8, MMR1 late) Several mothers rejecting MMR1 or taking singles discussed having to justify their decision to their partner and to reassure him about the decision, however they did not expect Talazoparib concentration their partners to have engaged

in any personal research to justify their own position. I can’t say that my partner would be exactly the same if I wasn’t around, he probably just would’ve gone with the flow. (P15, singles) Across decision groups, parents expected and feared guilt if their chosen course of action resulted in a negative outcome for their child. However for many parents, this was not a decision driver, as they anticipated regret as a consequence both of disease and of vaccine reaction. In contrast, anticipated relief following reaction-free vaccine administration was a driver for some MMR1 or single vaccine acceptors, whilst the absence of such closure was a persistent weight NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase for some rejectors. I think I’d be more worried that she’d get one of the diseases and then I’d feel guilty for the rest of my life for not having given her the jab. But then again,

if she got autism, I’d feel exactly the same. (P14, singles) Regret was ameliorated in different ways across the different decision groups. Acceptors expected their guilt would be tempered by the knowledge that they had followed expert advice, whilst those rejectors with an autistic child were comforted by the knowledge that they had not caused or worsened that autism through having vaccinated. One mother whose child had a reaction to the single measles vaccine felt that this vindicated her decision to opt for singles, on the assumption that an MMR reaction would have been much worse. Whereas if you do vaccinate and then it turns out that there was a problem with the vaccine, well you were just doing the best with the knowledge that you had there. (P9, MMR1 late) Some MMR1 accepting parents felt that strong anti-MMR views were desirable because they reflected being sure about the decision and being aware of all the risks around MMR. In contrast, some MMR1 rejectors felt that their own self-doubt and need for reassurance was underestimated.

After a detailed inspection in 2009 we found that spawning beds seemed to be extremely patchy, where continuous egg deposits extended over a distance of ca 50–70 m, and in many cases much less (Figure 2). Herring eggs were present from Karklė to Palanga Selleckchem MEK inhibitor (Figure 1), meaning that the Karklė spawning ground had successfully recovered from the ‘Globe Assimi’

oil-spill incident in 1981. Moreover, areas with detected spawning locations were larger than during previous mapping efforts (BaltNIIRH 1989). Our data suggest that most probably there are not two separate spawning locations but rather a single continuum, and that the previously reported pattern is due to the patchiness of the spawning beds. Generally Baltic herring does not spawn on soft bottom substrates (Rajasilta et al. 1989, Kääriä et al. 1997), but prefers hard substrates with vegetation. Most likely there are no preferences for specific algal species: for example, in the coastal waters of Finland Baltic herring spawns on at least 32 different plant species (Aneer 1989). During this study Baltic herring eggs were found on three different substrates: perennial red algae (F. lumbricalis and P. fucoides), and boulders without vegetation but overgrown by blue mussels Mytilus trossulus. The majority PI3K inhibitor of eggs occurred

on F. lumbricalis (21 locations out of 25), P. fucoides (3 locations), and on M. trossulus (1 location). In earlier studies only F. lumbricalis meadows were regarded as a substrate important for Baltic herring reproduction ( BaltNIIRH 1989, Olenin & Labanauskas 1995, Maksimov et

al. 1996, Fedotova 2010). Although the significance of F. lumbricalis in providing spawning substrate is undeniable, other substrates were used too. Of total 98 points sampled, 64 had significant (more than 10%) F. lumbricalis cover, therefore eggs were present in only 32.8% (21 out of 64) of potentially suitable F. lumbricalis locations. The prolonged sampling period in 2009 allowed us to collect eggs at all developmental stages, from the very first (a–e) to the very last ones (p–q) ( Table 2). Comparing eggs collected on the same day from different depths ( Table 2, see 15 April and 23 April), it seems that the development of eggs laid in shallower areas was lagging behind that of eggs laid in deeper areas. It is known that Baltic herring spawns in waves ( Krasovskaya 2002): this could be the result of earlier mafosfamide spawning in deeper areas. In this study three spawning locations were visited twice. Two of them (one with F. lumbricalis and one with M. trossulus) were visited on 7 April 2009, when eggs were found in the very early developmental stages (a–e). Three weeks later on F. lumbricalis we found eggs in the final developmental stages (p–q) and already empty egg shells, whereas no eggs or empty egg shells were present on M. trossulus. Since the two spawning locations are only 980 m apart and the respective depths are 8 and 8.5 m, indicating similar environmental conditions, the eggs on M.

We then reconstructed the recording sites from 5 forelimb intact control rats and noted that several sites in the medial and lateral zones received inputs from the

body/chest and head/neck. The appearance of these anomalous receptive fields, in forelimb intact control rats, would have to be taken into account for any interpretation of reorganization in forelimb amputated rats. Unlike the FBS (Dawson and Killackey, 1987, Waters et al., 1995 and Welker and Woolsey, 1974) where the forelimb check details is represented in layer IV along a horizontal plane, the forelimb map in CN is represented along a dorsal-to-ventral plane whereby different body parts are represented along the depth of the penetration (Li and Waters, 2010).

In the present study, physiological maps of CN were generated in forelimb intact and forelimb amputated rats by systematically advancing the electrode in 50- or 100-μm steps through the brainstem and recording receptive fields; electrode penetrations were spaced at a distance of 100 μm apart, where possible. Physiological recordings were then superimposed on morphological maps to plot the locations of penetration sites in relationship to the zones within CN. The size of a receptive field at any location along a penetration included the point where the electrode was located during the actual recording of the receptive field and the half distance to the next recording site in that penetration as well as the half distance to the recording site in the adjacent penetration. Therefore, a receptive field territory Selleck GDC0199 could encompass tissue never actually penetrated by the electrode but nonetheless included within its actual measurement.

Depending Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 on the location of a neighboring electrode penetration, the receptive field territory could even crossover into an adjacent CN zone. In the present study, examples of cross over were commonly encountered in both controls and forelimb deafferents, and in those cases, the area of encroachment was minimal and did not appear to alter the interpretation of the data. Technical problems were also inherent in reconstructing closely spaced electrode penetrations, the largest of which was an inaccurate placement of the electrode penetration. In the present study, electrolytic lesions were used sparingly during the actual mapping to eliminate tissue damage in an unmapped region. However, lesions were always placed at the beginning and end of a row of electrode penetrations. In addition, lesions were also made at selected sites within a penetration, but these were generally done at the end of the experiment, and only at sites where the receptive field coincided with that recorded in the originally mapped site. We used settings on the microdrive to make closely spaced penetrations that were then transferred to a grid matrix.

For the experiments, the cells were seeded at a density of 5 × 104 cells/mL in the medium described above. The co-culture

procedure that was used was based on the method described by Hauptmann et al. (1993). Co-cultures were established in 96-well tissue culture plates to determine the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) liberation and nitric oxide (NO) production and to assess tumour cell proliferation. LLC-WRC 256 tumour cells (1 × 104/100 μL per well) were allowed to adhere for 3 h, washed with PBS and incubated with fresh medium for 24 h. The adherent peritoneal macrophages (2 × 105) were pre-treated with CTX (0.3 μg/mL) for 2 h, washed, collected and transferred to a 96-well tissue culture plate containing 2 Χ 104 tumour cells per well. The macrophage cultures and co-cultures were maintained

CDK inhibitor for 24 and 48 h at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere. To determine the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, LXA4 and 15-epi-LXA4, the adherent peritoneal macrophages (5 × 105) were pre-treated with CTX (0.3 μg/mL) for 2 h, washed, collected and transferred to a 24-well plate containing LLC-WRC 256 tumour cells (5 × 104 per well) plated in fresh medium 24 h beforehand. The macrophage cultures and co-cultures were maintained for 12, 24 and 48 h at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere. This resulted in a macrophage:tumour ratio of 10:1. PD0332991 mw All the experiments were performed in triplicate, with macrophages from three different donors. The concentration of CTX (0.3 μg/mL) was the same as that used in previous research (Sampaio et al., 2003, Sampaio et al., 2006a and Sampaio et al., 2006b), which did not exhibit cytotoxicity as assessed by Trypan blue exclusion and by flow cytometry for the exclusion of propidium iodide. The involvement of the

formyl peptide receptor (ALX or FPR1) in the stimulatory effect of CTX on the secretory activities of macrophages was evaluated in cells pre-treated with 100 μM of Boc-2 (butoxycarbonyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe, Phoenix Pharmaceutical Inc, USA), a selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptors, for 15 min at 37 °C (Scannell et al., 2007) before incubation with CTX, as described above. The production of H2O2 was measured as described by Pick et al. (1981), using phenol red. This assay is based on a horseradish peroxidase-dependent conversion of phenol red into a coloured compound by H2O2. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II A phenol red solution (PRS) containing 140 mM NaCl; 10 mM potassium-phosphate buffer, pH 7.0; 5 mM dextrose; 0.28 mM phenol red; and 8.5 U/mL of horseradish peroxidase was used for the H2O2 determination. A final volume of 7.4 ml was obtained using Hank’s solution. After 24 h of co-culture, the supernatants were collected, and 100 μL of phenol red solution was added into each well of 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture plates (Corning, NY), which were incubated in a humidified atmosphere at 37 °C for 1 h. Vertical row no. 1, which lacked cells, was filled with 100 μL of PRS per well.

While the urban district Warnemünde is delimited by its administrative boundaries from neighbouring largely rural coastal landscape, these boundaries do not reflect the actual functional relationships along the coast. If the area of Warnemünde included its neighbouring areas, the indicator results would look very different.

Largely accidental boundaries have a strong influence on results, which is a problem for inter-regional and international comparisons based on indicators. PTC124 Municipalities, districts, and regions show a pattern of heterogeneous activities and uses rather than a uniform situation. It seems that a heterogeneous study site is more problematic with respect to the application of indicators and the final result will very likely be fuzzier. Therefore, the indicator set should preferably be applied to homogeneous municipalities rather than to larger districts or regions. Several differences in the issue scores between Neringa and Warnemünde result from different sizes and spatial definitions. With all these uncertainties, we think that coastal indicators and especially the SUSTAIN core set are not well suited for international comparisons. The strong variability of assessments carried Trichostatin A molecular weight out by different groups for one municipality is present in the end

results even for data aggregated to the pillar level (Fig. 4). This high variability would largely conceal differences between different municipalities, especially on an international level. Comparisons of municipalities within one country will certainly be more reliable, but it has to take into account that the available data for several indicators (e.g. employment rate) do not differentiate on the municipal level but are valid for a region. Municipalities within this region would get the same score for this indicator. Therefore, existing differences between municipalities will not always be sufficiently reflected in the indicator results. Are the indicators and especially the issues able to reflect the state of

sustainable development in municipalities, and does the methodology enable local actors to measure their sustainability Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase effort? The SUSTAIN partnership (2012b) states that ‘within coastal zones, there are many hundreds of indicators which purport to give information about sustainability but, in reality, none of them do so – because that is not their purpose – as they are, in general, state-of-the-coast indicators.’ The SUSTAIN indicators cover the four pillars of sustainability and are focused on the coast. They can be considered as a step forward, but going through the indicator and issues lists (Table 1) it becomes obvious that most of them have only a weak link to sustainability. However, aggregated to a pillar level they provide insights into the present state of municipalities indicate weaknesses and strengths and, if interpreted correctly, can support decision-making for a more sustainable development.

The size of the nodes corresponds to the number of genes of the gene set, and the thickness of the connecting lines indicates the degree of overlap between the gene sets. The color of the nodes corresponds to the gene set collection from which the gene sets were taken. Green: lymphocyte signature database; yellow: TOX TFS target genes; purple: gene ontology; light blue: cell cycle; dark blue: tissue-specific blood cell types. The authors thank Hakan Baykus, Jenneke Riethoff-Poortman, and Norbert de Ruijter http://www.selleckchem.com/PARP.html for their technical support and Wilma Blauw and Bert Weijers of the Small Animal Center of Wageningen University (Wageningen, The

Netherlands). Sandra W.M van Kol is recipient of grant MFA6809 from the Dutch technology foundation STW. “
“The authors BAY 80-6946 purchase regret that in the Abstract, Materials and methods, and Results sections, the unit of PCB126 concentration was incorrect. This has now been corrected below. 1. In the abstract, the PCB126 concentration should read nM and not pM. The authors

deeply regret any inconvenience this mistake may have caused and would like the readers to have the correct information. “
“Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including pesticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs), represent a threat to the general population, not only as possible weapons of terrorism (Okumura et al., 2005, Zurer, 1998, Hubbard et al., 2013, Baker, 2013 and Dolgin, 2013), but also as chemicals that could be released from transportation and storage facilities during industrial accidents. Given the rapid onset of symptoms and toxicity of OP nerve agents, a quick-acting therapeutic regimen that is efficacious over the broad spectrum of OPs is needed. To provide the most effective therapy,

medical countermeasures must be administered as soon as possible post-exposure. The current U.S. therapy regimen includes the administration of atropine in combination with the oxime acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl) (Inchem.org, Glycogen branching enzyme 1989, 1999), followed by the anticonvulsant diazepam depending on whether convulsive symptoms are observed. This approach is accomplished with the use of the DuoDote® autoinjector kit (Meridian Medical Technologies™, Columbia, MD; https://www.duodote.com/meridian.aspx#) by trained emergency medical services personnel. The DuoDote® is a two-chambered, self-propelled syringe used for the intramuscular (IM) injection of atropine (2.1 mg free base) and 2-PAM Cl (600 mg) through the same needle. Although the current treatment approach does protect against some OP toxicities, this protection does not extend across all OP CWNAs, i.e., it is not a broad-spectrum antidote (Worek and Thiermann, 2013 and Thiermann et al., 2013). Unfortunately, when OP pesticides are included as potential intoxicants, the spectrum of therapeutic effectiveness is even less.

A utilização de agentes biológicos foi aprovada nos EUA e na Europa para tratamento de doentes com DC moderada a severa que não respondem ou são intolerantes à terapêutica convencional. Em Inglaterra o National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) recomenda o uso de infliximab (IFX) apenas em doentes com DC severa (CDAI igual ou superior a 300) que não respondem ao tratamento convencional incluindo imunossupressores AZD5363 nmr (IM) e/ou corticosteroides, ou que são intolerantes ou têm contra-indicação à terapêutica convencional7. De acordo com

esta determinação a estratégia a seguir deverá ser o tratamento sequencial tradicional «step-up», conforme é, também, preconizado pelo American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) e pela American Gastroenterology Association (AGA)8 and 9. Todavia, alguns especialistas propõem em alternativa uma abordagem inicial com biológicos, C59 wnt ic50 designada «top-down». Esta estratégia foi realizada em 2 ensaios clínicos: o estudo «Step Up -Top Down» que incluiu doentes não medicados previamente com corticoides ou IM e com duração média de doença de 2 semanas, e o estudo «SONIC» que incluiu doentes «naives» para IM10 and 11. A implementação deste procedimento «top-down» representaria um hiper-tratamento num grupo apreciável de doentes, que poderiam responder apenas ao IM, com riscos

desnecessários de infeção, malignidade e outros efeitos colaterais. Além disso acarretaria enormes custos financeiros, pois a probabilidade de utilização de biológicos subiria dos atuais 2% para cerca de 30%, no primeiro ano de doença5 and 12. Acresce que a falência primária da resposta ao tratamento anti-TNF, isto é, a incapacidade de induzir a remissão após 2 semanas de tratamento Aspartate ocorreu, respetivamente, em 42,42 e 36% dos doentes nos estudos ACCENT I, CHARM e PRECISE-25. De acordo com estes ensaios clínicos, apenas em 20% da totalidade dos doentes tratados com IFX, adalimumab

ou certolizumab é alcançada a remissão, ao fim de um ano de tratamento5. As terapêuticas médicas só são aceitáveis se conseguirem induzir e manter a remissão com segurança e com qualidade de vida satisfatória. Em muitas situações a cirurgia é a forma mais rápida e eficaz de conseguir a reabilitação física e psicossocial do doente, pelo que não deve ser olhada como falência do tratamento médico, sendo em muitos casos, como na doença ileocólica limitada, uma boa opção terapêutica1. Nos doentes em que é obtida a remissão com recurso a drogas biológicas segue-se o tratamento de manutenção, que pode ser episódico (anti-TNF nas recidivas), regular programado (anti-TNF em intervalos fixos) ou regular flexível (anti-TNF em intervalos ajustáveis em função da sintomatologia).

We used a state-of-the-art hydrocarbon adsorbent cloth (Dynamic Adsorbents®), 0.9 × 4.5 m in size, towed at 0.6 knots alongside a boat for 45 min. We used two submerged sampling units, in sequence. The material was wrapped around steel re-bar and secured with cable-ties. It was towed Fluorouracil nmr for 45 min. from a pole extending from the port side of the boat, attached to the bow. The material was not permitted to extend beyond the stern of the boat, in order to avoid

potential contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons released by the boat’s engines. The retrieved material was wrung of its liquid, which was captured in EPA standard prep. amber jars. All sample jars were labeled, returned to the laboratory, and stored at 4 °C. The

used adsorbent material was placed in black, heavy-duty, opaque plastic bags, labeled, returned to the lab, and stored at −20 °C. Samples were shipped to the Sherry Laboratories, Lafayette, LA for processing. It is believed that only minimal transfer of aromatic compounds to the plastic would have taken place because of the cold temperatures at which the bags and samples were being stored. The concentrations of compounds captured by the adsorbent cloth were calculated by estimating volume of water impinging on the material surface over the sampling time. The following variables were used for calculation: Material width 0.91 m Material length 4.54 m Surface area of material 4.12 m2 Depth of water presumed interacting with material 3 mm Boat speed 0.6 knot = 30.86 cm s−1 Tow time 30 min = 1.8 × 103 s Est. volume of total volume of water interacting with material 7004 L Full-size Bleomycin molecular weight table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV Samples of the following coastal and marine fauna and flora were collected randomly from the field: sea grass (Ruppia maritima), fiddler crabs (Uca maritima), marsh grass

(Spartina O-methylated flavonoid alterniflora), algae (Sargassum spp.), and barnacles (Megabalanus antillensis). Reef organisms were collected from offshore platforms by SCUBA, including coral (Tubastraea coccinea), and encrusting bryozoans (Membranipora, Aeverilla, and Parasmittina spp.). These were collected from depths of 2, 12, 15, and 18 m near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Other marine biota samples also collected from the field included commercial seafood species – shrimp (Penaeus spp.), blue crab (C. sapidus), oysters (C. virginica), red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), speckled trout (Cynoscion nebulosus), flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma), and sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus). To the best of our knowledge, none of the samples were “oiled”. Data were pooled for marine biota, as well as for commercial seafood species, due to small sample sizes. Thus, such data are only considered an indicator of contamination in these areas. Commercial species of fish were adults and obtained from local fisherpersons along with some shrimp.

(1961). Amylase was measured by determining the appearance of reducing groups ( Noelting and Bernfeld, 1948) in 50 mM glycine–NaOH buffer

at pH 9.5 with 0.5% (w/v) starch as substrate in the presence of 10 mM NaCl. Carboxypeptidase A was determined using 15 mM N-carbobenzoxy-glycyl-l-phenylalanine (ZGlyPhe) in 50 mM Tris–HCl www.selleckchem.com/products/forskolin.html buffer pH 8 in the presence of 50 mM NaCl ( Ferreira et al., 1994). Cellobiase and maltase were assayed according to Dahlqvist (1968), using 7 mM cellobiose and 7 mM maltose in 50 mM sodium citrate–phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and pH 5.0, respectively. Incubations were carried out at 30 °C for at least four different time periods, and initial rates of hydrolysis were calculated. All assays were performed under conditions that the product was proportional to enzyme concentration and to incubation time. Controls without

enzyme and others without substrate were included. One enzyme unit is the amount that hydrolyses 1 μmol of substrate (or bond) per min. Enzyme activities are expressed in milli units (mU). Micropocrine vesicles preparations Caspase inhibitor were centrifuged and the resulting pellets and midgut tissues were then fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) and picric acid for 2 h. The samples were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, then dehydrated in an ethanol series and embedded in LR White acrylic resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Ft Washington, USA), cut Thalidomide into ultrathin sections, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate (Reynolds, 1963) and, finally, examined in a Zeiss EM 109 electron microscopy. The pre-immune blood of all the rabbits used to raise antibodies was non-reactive against proteins of insect midgut and Escherichia coli XL1-Blue. Antibodies

were raised as follows. One mL of an apocrine vesicle protein preparation were dispersed with an equal volume of Freund’s complete adjuvant. This suspension (containing 5 mg of the microapocrine vesicle proteins) was then injected into the inguinal nodes of a rabbit. After 4 weeks, another injection of the same sample with 4 mg was administered, but now with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. After 7 days the rabbit was bled and antibodies were purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate as detailed elsewhere ( Ferreira et al., 2007). The resulting antiserum was stored at −20 °C. Antibody production and specificity was checked on Western blots after SDS–PAGE. SDS–PAGE of samples was carried out in 12% (w/v) polyacrylamide gels containing 0.1% (w/v) SDS, on a discontinuous pH system (Laemmli, 1970), using BioRad (USA) Mini-Protein II equipment, as previously described (Ferreira et al., 2007). Immunoblotting was performed as follows. After SDS–PAGE, the proteins were electrophoretically transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane filter (pore size 0.45 mm; BioRad, USA) (Towbin et al., 1979). The transfer efficiency was evaluated by observing the pre-stained molecular weight markers (BioRad or Sigma, USA).

) based on an improved modeling approach and revised harmonized eutrophication status targets resulting in a renewed commitment of HELCOM Contracting Parties at the HELCOM Ministerial Meeting in October 2013. Starting point Maraviroc ic50 of this study was an evaluation of the existing reference and target concentrations for nutrients and chlorophyll for German rivers, coastal waters and the Baltic Sea, according to WFD and BSAP. It turned out that the scientific

basis for deriving reference concentrations for nutrients in coastal waters needs a revision, in particular the associated target thresholds were far too ambitious to be reached even with an optimal river basin management [45] and [34]. Existing water quality targets for the Szczecin lagoon, for example are 0.016 mg/l total phosphorus (TP) and 0.11 mg/l total nitrogen (TN) [10]. Schernewski et al. [46] in comparison suggest re-calculated, model-based thresholds of 0.1 mg/l TP

and 0.7 mg/l TN. The existing target (threshold) concentrations for nutrients did not match the target for chlorophyll a although these two water quality Selleckchem BIBF-1120 objectives correlate. Further, target concentrations in rivers need to be developed for the German Baltic Sea catchment. Problems and inconsistencies largely resulted from the fact that several consultants and researchers worked independently on certain WFD biological elements and hydro-chemical parameters using different methodologies. Furthermore, target values were derived largely independently for the open sea, coastal waters, rivers and lakes without considering interconnections of these surfaces waters and recognizing marine waters as the ultimate sink of nutrients (Fig. 1). Without reliable target for water quality neither the WFD nor the MSFD or the BSAP can be successfully implemented since management

objectives guiding measures cannot be derived. In recognition of this challenge, a full re-calculation of all reference and target concentrations was carried out, using a spatially coupled, Thiamine-diphosphate kinase large scale and integrative modeling approach. For this purpose, the river basin flux model MONERIS was linked to ERGOM-MOM, a three-dimensional ecosystem model of the Baltic Sea. This process was carried out by permanent involvement of a stakeholder group consisting of national and federal state authorities as well as scientists. The time period around 1880 was selected as a historical reference because it represents a period before industrialization and agricultural intensification. Little influence of anthropogenic activities can be assumed because strong evidence exists that water transparency and macrophyte coverage even in inner coastal waters were still high (e.g. [1], [26] and [49]. Reconstructed historical loads were then used as a basis to simulate the resulting nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations in Baltic coastal and open waters.