3 ± 111.9a 888.1 ± 102.6a 879.3 ± 79.3a 146.5 ± 13.2a   Mamlaka 579.5 ± 94.9cd 686.7 ± 47.6a 401.0 ± 63.0cd 66.8 ± 10.5cd   Fahari 727.5 ± 54.1bcd 252.5 ± 62.4b 507.3 ± 28.7bcd 84.5 ± 4.8bcd   F-statistics 7*** 3** 7.6*** 8***   Values (Mean ± SE) with dissimilar letters in a column are significantly different at p ≤ 0.001 (***); p ≤ 0.01 (**) Table 3 Symbiotic performance, dry matter and grain yield of 9 cowpea varieties grown at Taung, South Africa. Genotype

Nodule number Nodule DM Shoot DM δ15N Ndfa   per plant mg.plant -1 g.plant -1 ‰ % Omondaw 15.6 ± 1.2d 236.7 ± 14.4de 11.4 ± 1.4ef -0.2 ± 0.0de 77.0 ± 0.6bcd Brown eye 15.8 ± 2.4d 361.7 ± 19.5cde 12.3 ± 1.7def 0.2 ± 0.0c 72.6 ± 1.0cd Apagbaala 24.1 ± 0.6c 131.7 ± 10.1e 12.1 ± 0.7def 0.9 Selleckchem Y27632 ± 0.1b 61.2 ± 2.0ef IT82D-889 20.3 ± 0.3cd 1437.2 ± 117.9a 13.5 ± 0.6cde 0.9 ± 0.1b 92.9 ± 1.7a ITH98-46 22.8 ± 2.8c 263.3 ± 8.8de 7.4 ± 0.9f -0.5 ± 0.1ef 81.5 ± 1.3bc Bechuana white 33.4 ± 0.5b 665.3 ± 71.8b 18.1 ± 2.0bc 0.1 ± 0.0cd 85.4 ± 6.1ab Glenda 33.4 ± 0.5b 398.9 ± 7.3cd 22.2 ± 0.8b 1.9 ± 0.3a 59.3 ± 3.6f Mamlaka

PLX4032 research buy 24.5 ± 1.4c 132.2 ± 15.4e 16.7 ± 2.9cd 0.7 ± 0.1b 69.8 ± 4.9d Fahari 42.5 ± 0.6a 538.6 ± 6.1bc 27.8 ± 1.9a -0.6 ± 0.0f 77.0 ± 0.6bcd F-statistics 31.1*** 27.6*** 15.1*** 44.3*** 10.5***   N content Grain yield N-fixed       mg.plant -1 kg.ha -1 mg.plant -1 kg.ha -1   Omondaw 580.6 ± 88.9cde 2231.3 ± 297.9a 446.3 ± 46.2bcd 74.4 ± 7.0bcd   Brown eye 563.1 ± 74.0cde 512.1 ± 66.1c 409.6 ± 57.5bcd 68.3 ± 9.6bcd   Apagbaala 566.2 ± 58.8cde 579.8 ± 47.7c 348.0 ± 47.5cd 58.0 ± 7.9cd   IT82D-889 473.1 ± 15.2de 1427.7 ± 145.0b 438.9 ± 6.9bcd 73.1 ± 1.1bcd   ITH98-46 378.9 ± 35.5e 1500.4 ± 167.6b 307.7 ± 38.3d 51.3 ± 6.4d   Bechuana white 727.5 ± 84.2cd 1494.3 ± 115.4b 620.8 ± 47.5b 103.5 ± 13.7b   Glenda 1021.0 ± 99.3ab 1892.1 ± 129.9ab 598.8 ± 22.1b 99.8 ± 3.7b   Mamlaka 784.8 ± 39.1bc 1651.8 ± 96.2ab ID-8 561.4 ± 40.6bc 93.6 ± 8.4bc   Fahari 1219.3 ± 90.3a 1588.2 ± 107.7b 931.6 ± 27.3a 155.3 ± 4.5a   F-statistics 10.1*** 8.8** 8.2*** 8.2***

  At Wa, Omondaw and Glenda, which were second highest in nodulation, produced the largest shoot biomass and the highest amount of N-fixed compared to Mamlaka and Fahari (which had very low nodule mass). As with IT82D-889 and Brown eye, Omondaw and Glenda also produced the lowest amount of N-fixed and the least shoot biomass (Table 2).

S. aureus infection also led to much higher phagocytosis activity of macrophages and significantly lower ALP activity of osteoblasts at day 7 after infection. This effect could be associated

with the significant increase in H2O2 and O. 2 − levels. It is noteworthy that, besides the significant changes in reactive oxygen species, S. aureus internalization in osteoblasts also led to significantly Panobinostat price higher production of IL-6 and IL-12 [21,46], macrophage chemoattractant protein 1, IL-8, IP-10, RANTES [21,46], and RANK-L and prostaglandin E2 (two important molecules that can promote osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption) [47]. Conclusions We compared S. aureus internalization in a phagocytic cell (i.e. macrophage) to a non-phagocytic cell (i.e. osteoblast) and investigated the cells’ responses upon infection. We found that S. aureus could internalize within macrophages and osteoblasts and, upon infection, a significantly higher number of live intracellular S. aureus was observed in macrophages compared to osteoblasts. The viability of macrophages and osteoblasts both decreased with increasing this website infection time and macrophages had significantly lower viability during 2 h infection and significantly higher viability during 8 h infection compared to osteoblasts.

Moreover, intracellular S. aureus was found to survive within macrophages and osteoblasts for approximately 5 and 7 days, respectively. The percentage of S. aureus survival within macrophages and osteoblasts decreased with increasing post-infection time, and the percentage of S. aureus survival within macrophages was significantly lower compared to that within osteoblasts. buy Staurosporine Moreover, compared to non-infected controls, S. aureus infection resulted in (i) significantly increased hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages and osteoblasts, (ii) significantly increased superoxide anion production in macrophages but not in osteoblasts, (iii) significantly lower alkaline

phosphatase activity in infected osteoblasts, and (iv) higher phagocytosis activity in infected macrophages. Methods Reagents Tryptic soy agar (TSA, w/5% sheep blood) plates, tryptic soy broth (TSB), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.25% trypsin/2.21 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution, 45% glucose solution, 7.5% sodium bicarbonate, sodium pyruvate, and HEPES buffer were all obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Media: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) and RPMI-1640 media were purchased from LONZA (Walkersville, MD). DiI fluorescent dye, Syto-9, propidium iodide (PI), and 100 U/mL penicillin/100 mg/mL streptomycin solution were from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Gentamicin, Triton X-100, cytochalasin D, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysostaphin, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), paraformaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).