With the increase

of the number of the coating layers (i.e., the thickness of the HfO2 coating), all the modes shift to a shorter wavelength at the very beginning but then continuously move to a longer wavelength (Figure  1c). Figure 1 CX-5461 manufacturer Fabrication of the microtube and its typical PL spectra. (a) Schematic diagram of the cross-sectional view of the microtube after HfO2 coating (left panel). The inset indicates the multilayer structure of the tube wall. The right panel shows the optical microscope image of a microtube with coating of 150 HfO2 MLs. (b) AFM images of the flat Y2O3/ZrO2 nanomembranes with (left panel) and without (right panel) coating of 150 HfO2 MLs. (c) Typical PL spectra collected from the center spot of the microtube with different HfO2 selleckchem coatings (0 to 150 MLs with a step of 10 MLs). The marked (asterisk) modes’ azimuthal numbers are m = 70. To make the results more intuitionistic, we extracted the positions of the mode with m = 70 (derived theoretically) and the corresponding first sub-mode and plotted the positions as a function of the number of coating layers, as shown in Figure  2a. selleck chemicals llc One can see that both modes demonstrate the same shift

tendency, indicating that this is not a coincidence. The key factor leading to this bi-directional shift influences not only the circular but also the axial propagations. The phenomenon has not been previously reported in a similar experiment with Al2O3 coating [15], and we will discuss the mechanism in the following paragraphs. Figure 2 Evolution of mode positions and Q -factors with increasing coating layers. (a) Shift of mode (m = 70, main mode Calpain and first sub-mode) with increasing HfO2 coating layers. The dark squares and open circles represent the positions of the main mode and the first sub-mode, respectively. (b) Evolution of the

Q-factor of mode (m = 70) with the coating layer. The triangles are the experimental results and the dashed line is the corresponding linear fit. According to the literature, the mode positions show a strong relationship with the evanescent field and the surrounding medium [5, 10], and the interaction of evanescent field with the absorption molecules on the wall of tubular microcavity leads to a detectable shift in the resonant frequency (i.e., mode position) [10, 18] The previous experimental [15] and theoretical [19] results indicated that the resonant wavelength monotonically redshifts with increasing thickness of the high-refractive-index oxide (Al2O3 or HfO2) coating. In the present case, the modes show an obvious redshift with the HfO2 coating increasing from 20 to 150 MLs (Figures  1c and 2a), which fits well with the previous experimental results and theoretical prediction.

J Electro Mater 2009, 38:586–595.CrossRef 37. GANT61 datasheet Li S, Bi H, Cui B, Zhang F, Du Y, Jiang X, Yang C, Yu Q, Zhu Y: Anomalous magnetic properties in Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles covered with polymer decomposition residues. J Appl Phys 2004, 95:7420–7422.CrossRef 38. Zhang S, Pelligra CI, Keskar G, Majewski PW, Ren F, Pfefferle LD, Osuji CO: Liquid crystalline

order and magnetocrystalline anisotropy in magnetically doped semiconducting ZnO nanowires. ACS Nano 2011, 5:8357–8364.CrossRef 39. Pelligra CI, Majewski PW, Osuji CO: Large area vertical alignment of ZnO nanowires in semiconducting polymer thin films directed by magnetic fields. Nanoscale 2013, 5:10511–10517.CrossRef 40. Singhal RK, Dhawan MS, Gaur SK, Dolia SN, Kumar S, Shripathi T, Blebbistatin chemical structure Deshpande UP, Xing YT, Saitovitch E, Garg KB: selleck chemicals llc Room-temperature

ferromagnetism in Mn-doped dilute ZnO semiconductor: an electronic structure study using X-ray photoemission. J Alloys Compd 2009, 477:379–385.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions BSK and SL designed and planned the experiments. BSK performed powder and nanowire synthesis and measurements. BSK, SL, and SYJ performed data analysis and interpretation. WKK, JHP, and YCC assisted with sample characterization and contributed to measurement discussions. JK, CRC, and SYJ wrote the manuscript with help from the co-authors. All authors discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript. All authors

read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Nowadays, the rapid development of microfluidic/nanofluidic systems has been seen in many applications such as fluid mixing [1, 2], drug delivery [3], ion transporters [4], and DNA translocators [5]. The micro/nanochannels are the key components in the microfluidic/nanofluidic systems. Recently, more complex nanochannels (e.g., with some SDHB nanostructures at the bottom) are designed to study the influences on the flowing characteristic of fluid in the nano/microchannels [2]. The successful fabrication of these micro/nanochannels urgently needs to be solved. At present, the nanochannel fabrication methods mainly include focused ion beam milling [5], nanoimprint lithography [6], electron beam drilling [7], and wet chemical etching [8]. However, the complexity and/or cost of these methods greatly restrict the nanochannel fabrication, especially for the nanochannel with complex nanostructures at the bottom. Since atomic force microscopy (AFM) was invented, the AFM tip-based nanomachining method had emerged as one of the essential technologies for nanostructure fabrication [9]. A lot of works have already been carried out to fabricate nanochannels on the surfaces of different kinds of materials using this method [10–15]. For example, Zhang et al. [13] presented an AFM-based high-rate tunable nanolithography technique to scratch nanochannels on PMMA surfaces. Kawasegi et al.

Association of E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts with overall survival in AIS patients In our study cohort of patients with AIS, females had significantly better overall survival (OS) than males (p = 0.0378; hazard ratio 0.3647; 95% CI, 0.1395 ~ 0.9532) (Table  2, Figure  2A), consistent with known data [25]. When these AIS patients were grouped by gender and expression of E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts, no significant difference in OS was found between females and males in AIS patients with E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts (p = 0.6401) (Figure  2B). In patients

without E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts, however, females see more had significantly better OS than males (p = 0.0345; hazard ratio 0.2687; 95% CI, 0.07945 ~ 0.9089) (Figure  2C). In addition, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated an association between expression of E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts and OS by stage. A statistically significant Bafilomycin A1 in vivo difference in OS was not observed in stage I patients (Figure  2D). OS was significantly better in E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts (-) group than that in E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts (+) group in stage IA patients with AIS (p = 0.0363; hazard ration 0.04104; 95% CI, 0.002065 ~ 0.8157) (Figure  2E) and female stage IA patients with AIS (p = 0.0174; hazard ration 0.02174; 95%

CI, 0.0009266 ~ 0.5100) (Figure  2F). A multivariate analysis also showed that the status of E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts (P = 0.050; hazard ratio 3.447; 95% CI, 1.002 ~ 11.857), gender (p = 0.005; hazard ratio 0.212; 95% CI, 0.071 ~ 0.628) and stage IA (p = 0.004; hazard ratio 0.011; 95% CI, 0.001 ~ 0.237) were significantly associated with overall survival. Table 2 Overall survival analysis in AIS patients and subgroups Group Gender E2A-PBX1 status Patient number Median survival (months)

95% CI P value AIS patients Female   53 105.60 63.95 ~ 147.25 0.0378   Male   23 56.20 22.34 ~ 90.06   AIS patients with E2A-PBX1 Female   12 56.20 37.46 ~ 74.94 0.6401   Male   5 56.20 0.00 ~ 122.80   AIS patients without E2A-PBX1 Female   41 105.60 63.45 ~ 147.75 0.0345   Male   18 NR NA   AIS patients   + 17 56.20 44.37 ~ 68.03 0.1235 Sitaxentan     – 59 105.60 63.95 ~ 147.25   AIS stage I patients   + 10 56.20 38.38 ~ 74.02 0.1753     – 41 105.60 63.65 ~ 147.55   AIS female patients   + 12 56.20 37.46 ~ 74.94 0.0747     – 41 105.60 63.45 ~ 147.75   AIS stage IA patients   + 6 NR NA 0.0363     – 18 NR NA   AIS stage IA female patients   + 4 46.70 8.77 ~ 84.63 0.0174     – 13 105.60 NA   NR: not reached; NA: not available. Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival in AIS patients. (A) 76 AIS patients, (B) 17 AIS patients with E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts, (C) 59 AIS patients without E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts, (D) 51 AIS patients at stage I, (E) 24 AIS patients at stage IA, and (F) 17 AIS female patients at stage IA. The patients were grouped by selleck chemicals either gender (in panels A, B and C) or the status of E2A-PBX1 fusion transcripts (in panels D, E, and F).