To this purpose, cells were Nutlin3a incubated in the presence of 5 mM H2O2 and growth (OD600nm) was monitored at 3 hours intervals for 48 h. As shown in Figure 5A, the uvrA mutant strain, in contrast to wild type and complemented strains, stopped

growing after three mass doubling time in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The uvrA mutant strain reached a maximal cell density of 8 × 106 c.f.u. ml-1, which was approximately 4-fold higher than the density of the initial inoculum (2 × 106 c.f.u. ml-1) but 1000-fold less than the density of the wild-type and the two complemented strains (8 × 109 c.f.u. ml-1). Interestingly, the growth curve of the two complemented strains shows a lag-phase under LY2835219 in vivo normal growth conditions (Figure 5B) that it is not observed when bacteria are exposed to oxidative stress (Figure 5A). This result is probably due to the fact that, in the complemented strains, the uvrA gene is not expressed

under the regulation of endogenous promoter region. Our results suggest that mycobacteria need a functional NER system to neutralize the damaging effects of oxyradicals, emphasizing once again the importance of the NER system for mycobacterial survival under stress conditions. Figure 5 Effect of hydrogen peroxide on cell growth. M. smegmatis cells of wild type, S1, S1-uvrA-Ms and S1- uvrA-Tb strains were grown in LBT with (A) or without (B) 5 mM H2O2 and OD600nm determined

every 3 hours. For each strain the data reported in graph is the mean of three independent experiments. science Discussions In silico analysis of mycobacterial BMN 673 clinical trial genomes [28] has shown the presence of genes encoding enzymes involved in different DNA repair system such as Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), Base Excition Repair (BER), Recombinational Repair, Non-Homologous End-joining repair and SOS repair. Surprisingly, even if mycobacteria lack the mutSL-based post-replicative mismatch repair system [29], their mutation rate is similar to those of other bacteria [30]. A recent analysis provided evidence that the mycobacterial NER system is able to repair a wider range of DNA damages than the corresponding E. coli system, highlighting its involvement in mismatch recognition and suggesting a crucial role of the NER system in preserving the mycobacterial genome integrity [16, 19]. Although mycobacterial DNA repair systems are still not well characterized [31], it is possible that their functions are important for survival of tubercle bacilli during latency. Latent mycobacteria, in fact, are continuously exposed to the action of compounds such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates (RNI) that induce DNA damage [24–27]. The deleterious effects of these intermediates, is probably counteracted by the synergic action of highly efficient and functional DNA repair systems.

Biochemistry 1993, 32:3527–3534.Ruxolitinib in vivo CrossRef 6. Wei AP, Herron JN: Use of synthetic peptides as tracer antigens in fluorescence polarization immunoassays of high molecular weight analytes. Anal Chem 1993, 65:3372–3377.CrossRef 7. Lin M, Nielsen K: Binding of the Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide O-chain fragment to a monoclonal antibody. Quantitative analysis by fluorescence quenching and polarization. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:2821–2827.CrossRef 8. Onnerfjord P,

Eremin S, Emneus J, Marko-Varga G: Fluorescence polarisation for immunoreagent characterization. J Immunol Methods 1998, 213:31–39.CrossRef 9. Nasir MS, Jolley ME: The use SAHA HDAC of fluorescence polarization assays for the detection of infectious diseases. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2003, 6:235–244.CrossRef 10. Surujballia OP, Romanowskaa A, Sugdena EA, Turcottea C, Jolley ME: A fluorescence polarization assay for the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in cattle sera. Vet Microbiol 2002, 87:149–157.CrossRef 11. Nielsen K, Lin M, Gall D, Jolley M: Fluorescence polarization immunoassay: detection of antibody to Brucella abortus . Methods 2000, 22:71–76.CrossRef 12. Jeong H, Chang AM, Melloch MR: The Kondo effect in an artificial quantum dot molecule. Science 2001, 293:2221–2223.CrossRef 13. Li XQ, Wu YW, Steel D, Gammon D, Stievater TH, Katzer DS, Park

D, Piermarocchi C, Sham LJ: An all-optical quantum gate in a semiconductor quantum dot. Science 2003, 301:809–811.CrossRef 14. Daxiang C, Hong Z, Jie S, Zheng W, Asahi MK-0518 concentration T, Rong H, Osaka T, Feng G, Hoon Sung C, Chris H, Hengyao H, Pauletti GM, Donglu S: Effects of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

covered multi-walled carbon nanotubes on murine embryonic stem cells. Nano Biomed Eng 2010, 2:236–244. 15. Cui D, Li Q, Huang P, Wang K, Kong Y, Zhang H, You X, He R, Song H, Wang J, Bao C, Asahi T, Gao F, Osaka check details T: Real time PCR based on fluorescent quenching of mercaptoacetic acid-CdTe quantum dots for ultrasensitive specific detection of nucleic acids. Nano Biomed Eng 2010, 2:45–55. 16. Kaul Z, Yaguchi T, Kaul SC, Hirano T, Wadhwa R, Taira K: Mortalin imaging in normal and cancer cells with quantum dot immuno-conjugates. Cell Research 2003, 13:503–507.CrossRef 17. Rizwan W, You Bing Y, Ahmad U, Surya S, Hwang IH, Hyung-Shik S, Young-Soon K: Platinum quantum dots and their cytotoxic effect towards myoblast cancer cells (C2C12). J Biomed Nanotechnol 2012, 8:424–431.CrossRef 18. Zhang X, Li D, Wang C, Zhi X, Zhang C, Wang K, Cui D: A CCD-based reader combined quantum dots-labeled lateral flow strips for ultrasensitive quantitative detection of anti-Hbs antibody. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2012, 8:372–379.CrossRef 19. Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H: Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. Nat Mater 2005, 4:435–446.CrossRef 20.

11 ± 8.73. Twelve patients (66.7%) required blood transfusion, with a mean of 2.26 ± 1.57 packed red blood cells per patient. Additional abdominal injuries were found in four patients (22.2%). Kidney was the most affected organ (all 4 patients), and the spleen was affected in one patient.

None of the patients developed Dibutyryl-cAMP research buy Complications related to the liver injury. Complications unrelated to the liver occurred in 3 patients (16.7%); 1 developed a tracheal stenosis (secondary to tracheal intubation); 1 had a pleural PX-478 nmr effusion; and 1 an abscess in the pleural cavity. Patient characteristics evaluated are described in Table 2. Table 2 Evaluated aspects of patients with grade IV blunt hepatic trauma undergoing nonoperative management. Demographics and baseline characteristics Aspect evaluated N=18 Frequence / mean (n/ SD) Male 66.7% (12) buy AZD6094 Age 34 (± 13) Systolic

Blood Pressure on admission 117 (± 28) RTS 7.6 (± 0.58) ISS 24 (± 9) Blood transfusion 66.7% (12) Packed red blood cell transfused 2.26 ± 1.57 Associated abdominal injuries 22.2% (4) Regarding the CT scan findings, seven patients (38.8%) had isolated hepatic injury with perihepatic fluid and 11 patients (61.1%) had liver injury and free fluid in the abdominal cavity (Figures 1 and 2). Ten patients (55.5%) had helical CT evaluation while 8 (44.5%) had multi-slice CT scans. Six patients (33.3%) had repeated follow-up scans, on average 5 days after the initial CT. None of the follow-up CTs demonstrated progression of the injury. Nonoperative management failed in a single patient (5.5%) that had a progression of the free fluid (hemoperitoneum) Methocarbamol in the abdomen along with peritonitis. The patient was operated 4 days after admission when a large hemoperitoneum was found but no active bleeding

from the liver. Thus nonoperative hepatic trauma management as per our protocol resulted in an overall success rate of 94.5%. No patient died and the mean hospital stay was 11.56 ± 5.3 days (Table 3). Figure 1 Pedestrian hit by a car; multislice CT showing abdominal free fluid and intraparenchymal hematoma in the right lobe (grade IV hepatic injury), no blush of contrast in the arterial phase. Figure 2 Bicycle crash; multisclice CT showing the presence of abdominal free fluid, with intraparenchymal hematoma in the right lobe (grade IV hepatic injury), no blush of contrast in the arterial phase. Table 3 Outcome of patients with grade IV blunt hepatic trauma undergoing nonoperative management. Outcome Aspect evaluated N=18 Frequence / mean (n/SD) Complications related to the liver 0 Non -liver related complications 16.7% (3) Failure of nonoperative management 5.5% (1) In-hospital Mortality 0 Length of hospital stay 11.56 ± 5.3 Discussion Since 1980 several studies have proposed that nonoperative treatment of blunt liver injuries be considered the treatment of choice for patients with hemodynamic stability.

Mutation of this gene produces a non-toxigenic phenotype relative to the wt Wortmannin cell line strain. However, the relationship of desI with phaseolotoxin synthesis is still unknown [12]. Additionally, it has been observed that mutation in the desI gene decreases the growth rate at 18°C relative to the wt strain, suggesting a cold-sensitivity in the mutant strain (unpublished data). Another of the mechanisms reported to be involved in membrane lipid composition changes correspond to de novo synthesis. The fabF and lpxP genes induced by low temperature participate in this process [33]. β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II, the fabF gene product, converts palmitoleic acid to cis-vaccenic acid, which is in turn transferred by an acyltransferase

(LpxP) into lipid A, a component of polysaccharides [33, 34]. Although these two genes were not found in our microarray, several genes involved in cell wall biogenesis and membrane synthesis were identified (Cluster 4). These include the murA gene (PSPPH_4139) that is involved in peptidoglycan synthesis (a major component of cell wall), the PSPPH_4682 gene involved in polysaccharide synthesis, as well as three genes PSPPH_4669, PSPPH_3226, check details and galU (PSPPH_2260) that encode an acetyl-, glycosyl- and uridyl- transferase, SRT2104 ic50 respectively, which are likely associated with the transfer of these groups during polysaccharides synthesis.

Additionally, it has been demonstrated that during cell envelope biogenesis, there is an increase in outer membrane lipoproteins, which increase connections with the cell wall [34, 35]. In our analyses four genes (PSPPH_ 1464, PSPPH_2654, PSPPH_2842, and PSPPH_3810) encoding lipoproteins were induced, which may be related to outer membrane synthesis. The microarray results suggest that membrane component synthesis is activated in the conditions of our study and these changes are likely related to cell envelope remodeling to adapt to low temperatures. Low temperature induces expression of motility genes in P. syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121 Cluster 5 comprises genes induced at 18°C that

are involved in bacterium motility. The data suggest that chemotaxis and rotation of flagella processes function in low temperatures on P. syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121. Two genes, PSPPH_3880 that encodes the membrane-bound methyl accepting chemotaxis Niclosamide protein (MCP)-like receptor WspA, and PSPPH_3881, that encodes the CheW-like scaffolding protein WspB, showed high transcripts levels at 18°C relative 28°C (Table 1). WspA and WspB are related to the chemotaxis process. Chemotaxis, as well as other types of taxis (e.g., thermotaxis), enables bacteria to approach beneficial environments and escape from hostile ones. Depending on the parameter monitored, bacteria will respond by either swimming toward attractants or retreating from repellants. Thus, the signal sensed by chemotaxis causes changes in flagellum motility [36].

5) μm wide, 3 μm terminally. Phialides (4–)5–7(–9) × (2.5–)3.0–3.8(–4.0) μm, l/w find more (1.2–)1.3–2.1(–2.9), (1.5–)2.0–3.0(–3.5) μm wide at the base (n = 30), lageniform or ampulliform, neck short cylindrical. Conidia (3.0–)3.2–3.7(–4.2) × (2.0–)2.2–2.5(–2.8) μm, l/w (1.2–)1.4–1.6(–1.9) (n = 32), MK5108 mouse hyaline, oblong or ellipsoidal, smooth, with minute guttules; scar indistinct. Cultures and anamorph: optimal growth at 25°C on all media; at 30°C hyphae autolysing after short growth; excretions abundant, brown; no growth at 35°C. On CMD after 72 h 17–22 mm at 15°C, 32–34 mm at 25°C, 0.6–1.2 mm at 30°C; mycelium covering the plate after 6–7 days at 25°C. Colony hyaline,

thin, first loose, becoming dense in distal regions, zonate, margin wavy; hyphae radially arranged, thick surface hyphae irregularly curved around the plug, surface mycelium scant. Aerial hyphae scant. After 6 days numerous long acicular, radial, yellow to reddish crystals appearing in the agar from the centre, on the agar surface

disintegrating into minute part crystals; also hyphae becoming yellow to red; colony turning light to golden yellow, 3A3–5, 3–4B4–5, 4C6–7, in broad concentric zones. Autolytic activity inconspicuous, conspicuous at 30°C, no coilings seen. No distinct odour noted. No conidiation seen within 4 weeks. Chlamydospores PRT062607 clinical trial noted after 6–7 days, uncommon, eventually more common than on SNA, terminal and intercalary, globose or ellipsoidal. Dark olive colours developing after extended storage at 15°C in CMD cultures. At 15°C colony zonate, crystalline pigment turning the agar yellow, 1A3, 2A3–4, 3A5, 3B3–4; no conidiation seen. On PDA after 72 h 14–17 mm at 15°C, 23–26 mm at 25°C, <1 mm at 30°C; mycelium covering the plate after 10–14 days at 25°C. Colony conspicuously dense to opaque; surface hyphae forming irregularly oriented strands

at the colony margin; growth discontinuous, resulting in a large, flat, golden yellow central zone with irregular margin, and irregular outgrowths forming zonate patches and yellow spots. Aerial hyphae loose in the central zone, otherwise numerous, forming a dense, downy to floccose flat reticulum of irregular strands with large connectives and drops, and yellow acicular crystals, eventually orange, collapsing. Autolytic activity and coilings conspicuous at all temperatures. Numerous minute, yellow crystals 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl appearing in the agar turning it yellow, 2–3A3–6, from the centre on the surface and the reverse, centre eventually 4B4–6. No distinct odour noted. No conidiation seen within 4 weeks. At 15°C colony indistinctly zonate, margin angular to lobed, surface downy; yellow pigment and crystals produced turning the agar yellow, 2A4–5, 3AB4–6, 4AB5–6; no conidiation seen. On SNA after 72 h 17–20 mm at 15°C, 22–25 mm at 25°C, <1 mm at 30°C; mycelium covering the plate after 9–10 days at 25°C. Colony similar to CMD, zonate, with little mycelium on the agar surface, surface hyphae soon degenerating, appearing empty.

The blood supply to that portion of the stomach is from a large submucosal artery arising directly from the left gastric artery. Osoephagogastroscopy (OGD) can successfully identify the lesions in approximately 82% of patients. Approximately 49% of the lesions are identified during the initial endoscopic examination, while 33% require more than one OGD for confident identification

[17–19]. The remainder of the patients with Dieulafoy’s lesions is identified intraoperatively or angiographically [20, 21]. Endoscopic ultrasound can be a useful tool in confirming the diagnosis of a Dieulafoy’s lesion, by showing a tortuous submucosal vessel adjacent to the mucosal defect. Angiography, during OSI-906 solubility dmso active bleeding has been helpful in a small number of cases in which initial endoscopy failed to show the bleeding source. It has been tentatively suggested that, in selected cases where experienced radiological, endoscopic and surgical staff are available, thrombolytic therapy to precipitate bleeding can be used electively

as an adjunct to diagnostic angiography to help in localizing Dieulafoy’s lesion [22]. Other reported diagnostic methods include CT and enteroclysis selleck products [23]. For acute and massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage, immediate embolisation can stop bleeding and maintain vital signs of positive bleeders [24]. Endoscopic techniques used in the treatment include epinephrine injection followed by bipolar electrocoagulation, monopolar electrocoagulation,

injection sclerotherapy, heater probe, laser photocoagulation, Decitabine purchase haemoclipping or banding [2]. Rarely, surgical removal of the lesion may be needed and is recommended only if other treatment options have not been successful. Endoscopic therapy is said to be successful in achieving permanent haemostasis in 85% of cases. Of the remaining 15% in whom re-bleeding occurs, 10% can successfully be treated by repeat endoscopic therapy and 5% may ultimately require surgical intervention [19, 25]. The endoscopic criteria proposed to define DL are: 1) Active arterial spurting or micropulsatile streaming from a minute mucosal defect or through normal surrounding mucosa, 2) Visualization of a protruding vessel with or without active bleeding within a minute mucosal defect or through normal surrounding mucosa, and 3) Fresh, densely adherent clot with a narrow point of attachment to a minute mucosal defect or to normal appearing mucosa [24, 26]. DL is characterized by a single large tortuous arteriole in the submucosa which does not undergo normal branching, or one of the branches retain high caliber of about 1–5 mm which is more than 10 times the normal JQ-EZ-05 molecular weight diameter of mucosal capillaries.

(Margate, UK) and group-housed in sterilized polypropylene cages with free access to water and a maintenance diet containing 0.73% calcium, 0.52% phosphorus, and 3.5 IU/g vitamin D (RM1; Special Diet Services Ltd., Witham, UK) in a 12-h light/dark cycle, with room temperature at 21°C ± 2°C. The mice were used for experiments when almost skeletally mature at 19 weeks of age. All procedures complied with the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and were reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the Royal check details Veterinary

College (London, UK). In vivo external mechanical loading The apparatus and protocol for axial loading of the mouse tibia have been reported previously [24–26]. Non-invasive, dynamic loads [0.1 s trapezoidal-shaped pulse (period 0.025 s loading, 0.05 s hold, and 0.025 s unloading); Baf-A1 ic50 10 s rest time between each pulse; 40 cycles/day] were applied between the right flexed knee and ankle under isoflurane-induced anesthesia (approximately 7 min/day). This rest time enhances the osteogenic potential of loading [27]. The flexed joints are positioned in concave cups; the upper cup, into which the knee is positioned, is attached to the actuator arm of a servo-hydraulic loading machine (Model HC10; Zwick Testing Machines Ltd., Leominster, UK) and the lower cup to a dynamic load

cell. The servo-hydraulic mechanism of the loading machine operates to apply controlled dynamic compressive loads axially to the tibia. The left non-loaded tibia MM-102 nmr was used as an internal control, as has previously Thiamet G been validated in the present model [25] and confirmed by others in the rat ulna axial loading model [28]. Normal activity within the cages was allowed between loading periods. In the present study, a peak load of 13.5 N was selected since this has previously been shown to induce significant bone gain through an increase in bone formation at both cortical and trabecular sites [7, 25]. Assessment of loading-induced strain Single element strain gauges were attached ex vivo, in a longitudinal orientation, to the proximal

lateral tibial shaft of similar 19-week-old female C57BL/6 mice. These showed that a peak load of 13.5 N engendered a peak longitudinal strain of approximately 1,800 με in that region. Since the mouse tibia is not large enough to permit attachment of multiple gauges, the predictions of the normal strain distribution throughout the bone induced by loading were extended to full bone normal strain characterizations using finite element (FE) analysis. A voxel-based FE model (voxel size, 40 μm) was constructed by processing the micro-computed tomography (μCT) images using a computer program developed in house in the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington [29]. The bone material properties were assumed to be homogeneous, linear, and isotropic (Young’s modulus, 17 GPa; Poisson’s ration, 0.3) in order to approximately match the above strain gauge reading.

J Bone Miner Metab 26:400–405CrossRefPubMed 33. Brownbill RA, Ilich JZ (2003) Hip geometry and its role in fracture: what do we know so far? Curr Osteoporos Rep 1:25–31CrossRefPubMed 34. Marshall BTSA1 cell line LM, Zmuda JM, Chan BK, Barrett-Connor E, Cauley JA, Ensrud KE, Lang TF, Orwoll ES (2008) Race and ethnic variation in proximal femur structure and BMD among older men. J Bone Miner Res 23:121–130CrossRefPubMed 35. Faulkner KA, Cauley JA, Zmuda JM, Landsittel DP, Nevitt MC, Newman AB, Studenski SA, Redfern MS (2005) Ethnic differences in the I-BET151 order frequency and circumstances of falling in older community-dwelling

women. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:1774–1779CrossRefPubMed 36. Pollitzer WS, Anderson JJ (1989) Ethnic and genetic differences in bone mass: a review with a hereditary vs environmental perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 50:1244–1259PubMed 37. Nevill AM, Holder RL, Maffulli N, Cheng JC, Leung SS, Lee WT, Lau JT (2002) Adjusting bone mass for differences in projected bone area and other confounding variables: an allometric perspective. J Bone Miner Res 17:703–708CrossRefPubMed 38. buy VX-680 Looker

AC (2002) The skeleton, race, and ethnicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3047–3050CrossRefPubMed 39. Reid DM, Mackay I, Wilkinson S, Miller C, Schuette DG, Compston J, Cooper C, Duncan E, Galwey N, Keen R, Langdahl B, McLellan A, Pols H, Uitterlinden A, O’Riordan J, Wass JA, Ralston SH, Bennett ST (2006) Cross-calibration of dual-energy X-ray densitometers for a large, multi-center genetic study of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 17:125–132CrossRefPubMed 40. Pearson D, Horton B, Green DJ (2006) Cross calibration of DXA as part of an equipment replacement program. J Clin Densitom 9:287–294CrossRefPubMed”
“Introduction Hip fracture is one of the most common orthopedic conditions that requires hospital admission and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. DCLK1 The annual incidence of hip fracture was estimated to be 1.66 million worldwide in 1990 and is

expected to reach 6.26 million by 2050 due to the aging population [1]. The majority of hip fractures occur in geriatric patients: approximately 80% of women and 50% of men with hip fractures are aged ≥70 years [2]. More importantly, up to one third of patients will die within 1 year of sustaining a hip fracture repair [3–6], and half will have permanent loss of function [7]. Early surgery (<24 h) can minimize complications secondary to immobilization including orthostatic pneumonia and venous thromboembolism and is expected to be beneficial for the majority of patients with a fractured hip. Delayed surgery (>48 h) has been consistently demonstrated by several studies to be associated with an increased risk of 30-day and 1-year mortality [8].

In five countries with multiple regional surveys, we used a mean value where studies were of comparable

quality (Brazil, Croatia, Greece, Spain and selleck kinase inhibitor Russia). This left 11 regional surveys (18% of countries) where we had to rely on a single regional estimate. The analysis of national rather than regional data did not alter our principal findings. Notwithstanding, in some regions of the world, not all hip fracture cases come to medical attention. The risk estimate for Russia took this into account [26], but the problem has also been identified in other countries (not included in the present study). The underreporting of hip fracture cases has been observed in Georgia (75% not hospitalised), Kazakhstan (50% not hospitalised), Kyrgyzstan (50% not hospitalised) and Moldova (uncertain proportion) [44]. The likely reason is that facilities for surgical management are limited so that hospital admission is not required. Moreover, patients are required

to pay for their prosthesis. Thus substantial errors may arise that lead to underreporting of hip fracture cases. In addition to the large geographic variation reported in the incidence of hip fracture throughout PLX3397 cost the world, the age- and sex-specific incidence of fracture is changing. This has been well characterised for hip fracture but also noted at other sites of fracture [45, 46]. Estimates of incidence trends have varied widely and variously reported Fludarabine research buy an increase, plateau and decrease, in age-adjusted incidence rates for hip fracture among both men and women. Studies in Western populations, whether in North America, Europe or Oceania, have generally reported increases in hip

fracture incidence through the second half of the last century, but those studies continuing to follow trends over the last two decades have found that rates stabilise, with age-adjusted decreases being observed in certain centres. In contrast, the mortality hazard has continued to Wortmannin price decrease in most regions of the world. In other countries (e.g. Japan, China, Turkey, Mexico and Hispanic Americans from California), age-adjusted hip fracture rates continue to rise [15, 47–50]. In the majority of countries, there is scanty information available. Thus both national and regional estimates undertaken several years ago may not be representative of current risks. Again, it is useful to place this in perspective. Just over half the studies in the present study (52%) were conducted in 2005 or thereafter and a further 28% at or after the year 2000 (see Tables 4, 5, and 6 of the Appendix). On average, secular changes approximate 1% per annum [44, 46, 47] and if operative are likely to introduce accuracy errors of 10% or less.

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Henzl M, Alexander MD, Darnall DW: Accumulation of elemental gold on the alga Chlorella vulgaris . Inorg Chem Acta 1986, 123:161–165. 92. Kuyucak N, Volesky B: Accumulation of gold by algal biosorbent. Biorecovery 1989, 1:189–204. 93. Kasthuri J, Kathiravan K, Rajendiran N: Phyllanthin assisted biosynthesis of silver Selleck Go6983 and gold nanoparticles: a novel biological approach. J Nanopart Res 2009, 11:1075–1085. 94. Singh AK, Talat M, Singh DP, Srivastava ON: Biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by natural precursor clove and their functionalization with amine group. J Nanopart Tobramycin Res 2010, 12:1667–7165. 95. Shankar SS, Ahmad A, Sastry

M: Geranium leaf assisted biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Biotechnol Prog 2003, 19:1627–1631. 96. Shankar SS, Rai A, Ahmad A, Sastry M: Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au learn more core-Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) leaf broth. J Coll Inter Sci 2004, 275:496–502. 97. Shankar SS, Rai A, Ankamwar B, Singh A, Ahmad A, Sastry M: Biological synthesis of triangular gold nanoprisms. Nat Mater 2004, 3:482–488. 98. Zhan G, Huang J, Lin L, Lin W, Emmanuel K, Li Q: Synthesis of gold nanoparticles by Cacumen Platycladi leaf extract and its simulated solution: toward the plant-mediated biosynthetic mechanism. J Nanopart Res 2011, 13:4957–4968. 99. Arora S, Sharma P, Kumar S, Nayan R, Khanna PK, Zaidi MGH: Gold-nanoparticle induced enhancement in growth and seed yield of Brassica juncea . Plant Growth Regul 2012, 66:303–310. 100. Zhou D, Jin S, Li L, Wang Y, Weng N: Quantifying the adsorption and uptake of CuO nanoparticles by wheat root based on chemical extractions. J Environ Sci 2011, 23:1852–1857. 101. Bali R, Siegele R, Harris AT: Biogenic Pt uptake and nanoparticle formation in Medicago sativa and Brassica juncea . J Nanopart Res 2010, 12:3087–3095. 102.