The scale parameter, λλ, was estimated from the GESLA (Global Extreme Sea-Level Analysis) sea-level database (see Menéndez and Woodworth, 2010) which has been collected through a collaborative activity of the Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Australia, and the National Oceanography Centre Liverpool (NOCL), UK. The data covers a large portion of the world and is sampled at least hourly find more (except where there are data gaps). The database was downloaded from NOCL on 26 October 2010 and contains 675 files. However, many of these files are near-duplicates provided by different agencies. Many are also as short as one or two years and are therefore not suitable for the analysis of extremes

(it is generally considered that ARIs of up to about four times the record length may be derived from tide-gauge records (e.g. Pugh, 1996) so that, for example, the estimation of 100-year ARIs requires records of at least 25 years duration). Hunter (2012) Vincristine performed initial data processing, resulting in 198 tidal records, each of which was at least 30 years long. However, one of these is from Trieste in the Mediterranean, which is poorly

resolved by the ocean components of the AOGCMs (the Mediterranean is omitted altogether from Meehl et al., 2007, Fig. 10.32, which shows the projected spatially varying sea-level change due to change in ocean density and dynamics). The data from Trieste was not therefore used in the present analysis, which is therefore based on 197 global sea-level records. Prior to extreme analysis, the data was ‘binned’, so as to produce files with a minimum sampling interval of one hour, and detrended. Annual maxima were estimated using a declustering algorithm such that any extreme events closer than 3 days were counted as a single event, and any gaps in time were removed from the record. These annual maxima were then Progesterone fitted to a Gumbel distribution using the ismev   package ( Coles, 2001, p. 48) implemented in the statistical language R   ( R Development Core Team, 2008). This yielded the scale parameter, λλ,

for each of the 197 records. It is assumed that λλ does not change in time. Allowances for future sea-level rise have generally been based on global-average projections, without adjustment for regional variations (which are related to the land-ice fingerprint, GIA, and change in ocean density and dynamics). Fig. 2 shows the vertical allowance for sea-level rise from 1990 to 2100 for the A1FI emission scenario, at each of the 197 tide-gauge locations. The allowance is based on the global-average rise in mean sea level and on the statistics of storm tides observed at each location (Section 4). The uncertainty in the projections of sea-level rise was fitted to a normal distribution. The use of a raised-cosine distribution, which has thinner tails, yields a smaller allowance. Fig. 2 shows effectively the same information as Fig.

These aspects, however, merge when we remove marine space by putting in land claim for urban expansion. this website Most importantly, this separation of the pressures affecting marine systems allows us to know and appreciate for human activities what, why and how we can and cannot manage. We have to ensure that we have robust and defendable science to

assess marine health and underpin marine management, hence be aware of the THREE aspects of science methodology – that we should define our Aims, as the big idea in the science, list our Objectives, as what we need to do to reach our Aims, and give our Hypotheses, as testable and scientifically rigorous questions. Following this, we can suggest there are THREE types of significance in our findings – firstly, and most easy to determine as long as we have sufficient data, is statistical significance. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, is ecological or SB431542 price environmental significance, and thirdly we have the social significance of any change that we detect. For example, detecting the loss of a species amongst hundreds would be impossible statistically without a large and powerful statistical sampling design but that lost species could be ecologically relevant. Despite this, we might not be able to statistically

or ecologically detect a change because of noise (inherent variability) in the system but if society thinks a change has occurred then it should have the highest significance (see Gray and Elliott, 2009). If society thinks there is a problem then by definition there is one even if science cannot detect it. Consequently, The

Ecosystem Approach relies on good and proportionate many (fit-for-purpose) science to provide an ecosystem health assessment (or monitoring) programme consisting of FOUR elements – (i) an analysis of main processes and structural characteristics of ecosystem; (ii) an identification of known or potential stressors; (iii) the development of hypotheses about how those stressors may affect each ecosystem; and (iv) the identification of measures of environmental quality and ecosystem health to test hypotheses. In managing the environment we can no longer just be concerned with single sciences – for example, we can take ideas from the business literature which suggests that the environment of an organisation is summarised by the FOUR categories of PEST (Political, Economical, Social and Technological constraints) ( Palmer and Hartley, 2008). This has been expanded to the PESTLE analysis which includes the FIFTH, Legal aspect. We can then juxtapose this to reinforce the idea that the organisation and management of an environment is subjected to the same constraints. This recognises that while as natural scientists we may want to emphasise the natural science, we have to be aware of (and work with) wider disciplines.

Fig. 2 shows that the level of acetic acid varied from 0.8 g/L (St–Lr) to 1.5 g/L (Lr) and that of ethanol from only 0.2 g/L (St–Lr) to 0.4 g/L (Lr). Since S. thermophilus is a homofermentative bacterium, its fast metabolism was mainly responsible for the production of lactic acid, while the formations of acetic acid and ethanol have to be ascribed to the heterofermentative feature of L. rhamnosus. It is well known that, in a typical heterofermentative pathway, glucose from lactose hydrolysis, and in some microorganisms

even a portion of the remaining galactose moiety, are converted via phosphoketolase to glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate and acetyl-CoA, being the former converted to lactic acid and the latter reduced to ethanol by the NADH accumulated in the first part of the pathway ( Panobinostat datasheet Axelsson, 1998). Under oxidative conditions, such an excess reducing

power can be partially dissipated, and an appreciable amount of acetyl-P can Dasatinib be converted to acetic acid making the phosphoketolase pathway as efficient as the EMP one from the bioenergetic viewpoint ( Arsköld et al., 2008 and Zaunmüller et al., 2006). As the formation of acetic acid yields an additional equivalent of ATP ( Axelsson, 1998), it is less energy-consuming; therefore, the presence in the medium of additional hydrogen acceptors is needed to sustain its abundant production as in the present work. As we will see in the following, the concentration of acetoin from diacetyl reduction was too low to justify this production; thus, two possible explanations of such a partial dissipation of NADH could be the co-metabolization of citrate via pyruvate, with additional formation of lactic acid ( Axelsson, 1998), and the high NADH oxidase activity already detected and quantified in L. rhamnosus

by Jyoti et al. (2004) by metabolic flux analysis. In pure cultures, the productions of diacetyl and acetoin by L. rhamnosus (Lr) were 18 and 67% higher, respectively, when compared to those obtained with S. thermophilus (St). Ramos, Jordan, Cogan, and Santos (1994) demonstrated that in LABs the main route of diacetyl synthesis occurs via α-acetolactate, which is produced Amobarbital by the condensation of two pyruvate molecules catalyzed by the key enzyme α-acetolactate synthase. Once synthesized, α-acetolactate is unstable and is readily decarboxylated to acetoin by α-acetolactate decarboxylase, or by nonenzymatic oxidative decarboxylation to diacetyl, in the presence of oxygen. Besides that, acetoin can be synthesized from diacetyl by diacetyl reductase; so, the balance among the end-products of citrate fermentation will depend on the redox state of the cell. As S. thermophilus cannot metabolize citrate ( Chaves et al.

Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting 13–16 November Reno, NV, USA ESA, 9301 Annapolis Rd., Lanham, MD 20706-3115, USA Fax: 1-301-731-4538 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.entsoc.org 33rd CONGRESO NACIONAL DE ENTO-MOLOGIA y 1st CONGRESO SUDAMERICANO DE ENTOMOLO-GIA 30 November–02 December La Serena, CHILE Info: http://tinyurl.com/44hhr66. 3rd CONGRESO LATINOAMERICANO DE ARAC-NOLOGIA, Montenegro, Quindio, COLOMBIA 04-09 December www.iiicla.org. 2012 INTERNATIONAL ADVANCES IN PESTICIDE APPLI-CATION, Wageningen, THE NETHERLANDS 10-12 January Info: www.aab.org.uk. [email protected]. 3rd Global Conference on Plant

Pathology for Food Security at the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology 10–13 Jan 2012 Udaipur, India Voice: 0294-2470980, +919928369280 selleck chemical E-mail: [email protected] SOUTHERN WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY (U.S.) ANNUAL MEETING 23–25 January Charleston, SC, USA SWSS, 205 W. Boutz, Bldg. 4, Ste. 5, Las Cruces, NM 88005, USA Voice: 1-575-527-1888 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.swss.ws 7th INTERNATIONAL IPM SYMPOSIUM 2012 – March USA, in planning phase E. Wolff E-mail: [email protected] VI INTERNATIONAL WEED SCIENCE CONGRESS 17–22 June Dynamic Weeds, Diverse Solutions, Hangzhou, CHINA H.J. Huang, IPP, CAAS, No. 2 West

Yuanmingyuan Rd., Beijing 100193, CHINA Fax/voice: GSK1120212 86-10-628-15937 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.iwss.info/coming_events.asp *2nd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM–TEPHRITID WORKERS OF EUROPE, AFRICA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST 03–06 July Kolymbari, Crete, GREECE. Info: N.

Papadopoulos E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.diptera.info/news.php 2013 INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE RESISTANCE CONFERENCE 18–22 February Perth, AUSTRALIA S. Powles, AHRI, School of Plant Biol., Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Erastin Perth 6009, WA, AUSTRALIA Fax: 61-8-6488-7834 Voice: 61-8-6488-7870 E-mail: [email protected] AMERICAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING 10–14 August Providence, RI, USA Info: APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul, MN 55121, USAFax: 1-651-454-0755 Voice: 1-651-454-3848 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.apsnet.org Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV “
“Bergman JJGHM, Corley DA. Barrett’s esophagus: who should receive ablation and how can we get the best results? Gastroenterology 2012;143:524–526. In the above editorial, a conflict of interest disclosure supplied by Dr Jacques J.G.H.M. Bergman was inadvertently omitted by the Gastroenterology editorial office. The conflict of interest statement should have correctly disclosed that Dr Jacques J.G.H.M. Bergman has received support for IRB-approved clinical studies from BARRX, Olympus Endoscopy, and Cook Medical. He is a consultant for Boston Scientific Endoscopy and for Cook Medical, and has received support for symposia sponsored by BARRX. The online version of the article has been updated to include the correct conflict of interest disclosure.

The blood donors from Beijing Cancer Hospital were checked for cancer history through their past medical charts. For the other controls, they were directly Selleck INCB018424 asked for their cancer history. The nurse interviewers explained the aims of this study to the blood donors, and ask them to read and sign the informed consent form if they agreed to participate. One milliliter of anticoagulant blood was collected from the vein and kept in a freezer at − 20°C. Genomic DNA was isolated using the Relaxgene Blood DNA extraction kit (Tiangen Biotech, China)

according manufacturer instructions for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The specific primers 5′-GCCGACTAGGGGACTGGCGGA-3′ (forward) and 5′-CGAGAGCTCCGAGCTTCTGCC-3′ (reverse) were used for determining the genotypes of LAPTM4B ( Figure 1). Human β-actin was used as positive internal control, and primers were 5′-TCACCAACTGGGACGACAT-3′ (forward),

and 5′-AGGTAGTCAGTCAGGTCCCG-3′(reverse). PCR assay was carried out in a 20 μl reaction mixture containing 200 to 300 ng of DNA template, 10 μmol of each primer, 10 μl 2 × EASY Tag mix (TransGen Biotech, China) and 7 μl ddH2O. The PCR Venetoclax order cycle conditions were 94°C denaturation for 5 min, 37 cycles of 30 sec at 94°C, 30 sec at 60°C and 30 sec at 72°C, followed by extension at 72°C for 10 min. The PCR products were analyzed using 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. The frequency distribution of LAPTM4B genotypes and clinicopathological features distributions between groups of cancer cases and controls were examined by χ2 test or the Fisher’s exact test. Genotypic frequencies were tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using the χ2 test. The relationships between melanoma and putative risk factors were measured using odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that were derived from unconditional logistical regression analysis and adjusted by the age and gender. A P value < 0.05 was MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit used as the significance level. All statistical analysis

was carried out with Statistical Product and Service Solutions for Windows (version 16.0; SPSS). Three different genotypes of 220 melanoma subjects and 617 healthy controls were identified in PCR products using specific primers for LAPTM4B. The homozygous *1/1 and *2/2 exhibited a 204-bp band and a 223-bp band, respectively. The heterozygous genotype *1/2 has both 204-bp and 223-bp bands. Amplified products for β-actin existed as a 340-bp band in all positive internal controls ( Figure 2). The LAPTM4B gene polymorphism distribution in both the control and patients cases were in agreement with expectation on the basis of the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P values were 0.249 and 0.205, respectively), meaning that the sampling was a good representative of the population. The distribution of patient age was normal (P = .317), while the distribution of control was abnormal (P = .009). The mean (± standard deviation) age of case group was 51.82 (± 13.

As a result, a popular management solution is to provide visitors with the appropriate information by the use of information

boards, pamphlets and exhibitions (Eastmana et al., 2013 and Priskin, 2003b). Another problematic behaviour that was consistently mentioned was littering. selleck kinase inhibitor A range of management techniques can be used to address this prevalent problem, such as providing education to prevent littering, administering fines to penalise those who litter, and to provide more cleaning and waste facilities (Eastmana et al., 2013). The current findings do not necessarily offer new management techniques but rather provide a starting point on which activities should be given greater priority regarding management solutions. Activity-specific management

techniques are required for the visitors to continue to experience the range of benefits rocky shores offer; however more research is still needed within both the recreational this website uses of this environment and for other uses such as accessibility to the water (e.g. boating). The two studies presented here on coastal experts, coastal users and international coastal academics have extended the existing literature by examining recreational visits in more detail. Using an integrative approach examining both perceived risks to the environment and benefits for the visitor, we found that rocky shores are perceived to have great benefits for the visitor, including improving mood and increasing marine awareness. Additionally, these visits were associated with a number of risks regarding the habitat, stressing that certain activities can have more harmful impacts on the environment than others. There was extensive agreement between coastal experts and coastal users in all aspects. Findings were also comparable beyond the British context. By examining

a range of activities, we were able to deduce which activities were seen to be especially beneficial for the visitors but have the greatest risk on the environment. By examining the two effects together for the first time, this research offers a new approach to understanding and managing the costs and benefits associated with activities Amisulpride in the coastal environment. With our approach we hope to begin a debate that will contribute to sustaining both visitor benefits and the health of the environment in the long term. The research reported here is funded by an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) interdisciplinary studentship scheme ES/1004130/1). The authors would like to thank Daniel Zahra for his role as the independent second coder for the qualitative data, and numerous coastal experts for their input and support. Special thanks to the Wembury Marine Centre, the National Trust and the 9th International Temperate Reefs Symposium.

The linking between oxidative stress and behavioral changes has been extensively investigated in various animal models. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of cognitive impairment in sepsis (Cassol-Jr et al., 2010). Antioxidant therapy with N-acetylcisteine and desferroxamine, as an additive to chloroquine,

prevented cognitive impairment, confirming the importance of oxidative stress in cerebral malaria-associated cognitive sequellae (Reis et al., 2010). Hyperactivity in the amphetamine model of mania in rats also has been shown to be linked to buy Galunisertib oxidative stress (Steckert et al., 2010). Moreover, oxidative stress is believed to contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits after ischemia, anoxia, carbon monoxide poisoning, traumatic brain

injury, and in Alzheimer’s disease (Dal-Pizzol et al., 2010). Finally, recent studies (including our own) have shown direct involvement of oxidative stress with anxiety-like behavior and with locomotory/exploratory deficit in rodents (Salim et al., 2010, Hovatta et al., 2005, Gingrich, 2005, Masood et al., 2008, Souza et al., 2007 and Bouayed et al., 2007; de Oliveira et al., 2007). However, the linking between oxidative stress and behavioral changes found in this work remains to be elucidated by further investigation. In summary, our data suggest that vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy and nursing was able to modify striatal and hippocampal redox buy VE-821 parameters and the subsequent behavior in rats. Notably, the doses administrated in this work were approximately equivalent to presumed doses safe for humans during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Unfortunately, it is still difficult to indicate the vitamin A metabolite responsible for the observed effects, given the vast number of vitamin A existing metabolites (Barua and Olson, 1986, Buck et al., 1991, Buck Anidulafungin (LY303366) et al., 1993,

Derguini et al., 1995, Idres et al., 2002 and Napoli, 1999). Also, case reports of vitamin A toxicity have shown serum retinol concentrations within normal limits (Croquet et al., 2000, Ellis et al., 1986 and Mills and Tanumihardjo, 2006), indicating that serum retinol is not a good measure of vitamin A status during toxicity. In conclusion, we suggest some caution regarding the use of vitamin A during pregnancy and breastfeeding; especially, in vitamin supplementation or fortified foods. This oxidative stress is able to disturb several biological phenomena, including neuronal signaling and neurotransmission, which may induce several behavioral deficits. Additionally, exposure to stress early in life can induce an increased vulnerability to mood disorders later in life (Heim and Nemeroff, 2001 and Sanchez et al., 2001).

Such a high number of juveniles has never been recorded in any of the populations from other regions. Juvenile specimens were reported but never at

abundances exceeding 10% of all the individuals sampled (e.g. Ryan 1956, Rychter 1999, Roche & Torchin 2007, Fowler et al. 2013). Even though both Roche & Torchin (2007) and Fowler et al. (2013) regard juveniles as specimens with CW < 2.5 mm, their data should be taken into account, because according to López-Greco & Rodríguez (1999) and Luppi et al. (2004) acquiring maturity is a long process. Torin 1 mouse Moreover, functional, gonadal and morphometric maturities are not always synchronised and can be reached at different stages of growth. In addition, our particular method of collection, the bottom dredge, could have contributed to the large abundance of smaller individuals as this method traps small, cryptic specimens hidden among other organisms (e.g. blue mussels or macrophytes). A high abundance of smaller individuals may indicate the reproductive success of R. harrisii in the Gulf of Gdańsk, and as a consequence, explain the demographic expansion of the target population. According to Gonçalves et al. (1995), R. harrisii larvae are produced from April to September in temperate areas. In the Gulf of Gdańsk, ovigerous females of R. harrisii were found

between June and October, just like learn more the population inhabiting Finnish coastal waters ( Fowler et al. 2013). Compared to other studies in the southern Baltic Sea (i.e.

the Dead Vistula River or the Vistula Lagoon), females in the Gulf of Gdańsk appear to produce egg masses earlier and retain them later than other populations ( Turoboyski 1973, Rychter 1999, Normant et al. 2004). While the differences may result from the application of a diversity of sampling regimes (i.e. dredging instead of traps), this extended reproductive period could be due to several environmental factors. In the Gulf of Gdańsk, R. harrisii experiences much more stable sea surface temperatures as compared to the Dead Vistula River or the Vistula Ribociclib mw Lagoon, which are shallower areas that undergo rapid temperature changes ( Majewski 1972, Kondracki 2002). These fast temperature changes have been shown to impact the zooplankton communities in the Dead Vistula ( Paturej & Kruk 2011). Many crab species, including R. harrisii, exhibit sexual dimorphism with males attaining larger sizes than females – this has been observed in R. harrisii populations in the Dead Vistula River and the Odra Estuary ( Normant et al. 2004, Czerniejewski 2009). However, in the Gulf of Gdańsk population and other populations inhabiting Finland (introduced) and Louisiana (native), there were no significant size differences between the sexes ( Fowler et al. 2013). The biggest male found in the Gulf of Gdańsk was smaller than the biggest males from other populations inhabiting Polish waters ( Table 2).

The biological response occurs at different levels of biological organisation, from cellular to community level. Molecular techniques may offer a powerful approach to assess contaminant-induced changes in the genetic architecture of populations and species. Direct surveys of genetic adaptation can be very effective in the assessment the deleterious population-level effects of contaminant exposure, even though often they are difficult to accomplish with most field-exposed organisms. There is the need, therefore, to identify suitable target organisms for this kind of analysis. Other analyses include the response to contaminant exposure

at cellular and individual (biomarker) or community levels. The array of these analyses may offer an effective toolbox to assess marinas’ sustainability and monitor the effects of their impact on biological communities. On the basis of this knowledge, in recent years,

attention was paid this website to new non-toxic antifouling systems in order to find replacement solutions overcoming the biocide-based technology. New technologies based on substances that make the surface smoother have been developed in order to obtain a low degree of bioadhesion. Non-stick, fouling-release coatings are an attempt to prevent the adhesion of fouling organisms by providing a low-friction, ultra-smooth surface, on which organisms have great difficulties in settling (Yebra et al., 2004). Many studies carried out to elucidate the properties R428 clinical trial that a coating should possess Idelalisib in vivo to counteract adhesion, pointed out that these properties are mainly possessed

by two families of materials: fluoropolymers and silicones (Brady and Singer, 2000). Fluoropolymers form non-porous, very low surface-free energy surfaces with good non-stick characteristics (Brady and Singer, 2000). Silicones, which are applied in thick (6 mm) layers, markedly improved the non-stick efficiency of fluoropolymers. Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based fouling-release coatings are the most widely used today due to their low surface energy, low microroughness, high elastic modulus and low glass transition temperature (Yebra et al., 2004). These surfaces present “moving targets” to the functional groups of marine adhesives, due to their conformationally mobile surfaces (Brady and Singer, 2000). The mechanical locking of biological glues is minimised and slippage and fouling-release are enhanced. Polysiloxanes substituted by fluorine can be considered attractive candidates for surfaces with low bioadhesion. In the Mediterranean many marinas are located in proximity to aquaculture plants or even included within the borders of marine reserves. The simultaneous presence of activities with contrasting effects on natural environment needs monitoring in order to minimize the impacts and to plan appropriate prevention measures.

The study included 364 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) primary tumor samples retrospectively collected from a cohort of EC patients who were operated in the Department of Gynaecology, Gynaecological Oncology and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk (Gdańsk, Poland) between 2000 and 2010. Each patient was primarily treated by surgery, with the possible option of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy administration. The inclusion criteria were operable

EC (stage IVB patients underwent cytoreductive surgery) confirmed by histologic examination and a signed consent form. The study was accepted by the Independent Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Gdańsk (NKEBN/269/2009, date: 14 September JAK inhibitors in development 2009). Procedures involving human subjects were in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 1983. The tumor samples included all stages of endometrial carcinoma, from stage IA to IVB, as distinguished by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) in 2009 [7]. We analyzed all primary carcinomas of the uterine corpus, separating them into endometrioid and non-endometrioid tumors. The latter included serous, clear Selleckchem BTK inhibitor cell, mucinous, mixed, squamous cell, and undifferentiated carcinomas [8]. Metastases included lymph node and distant metastases. The patients’ characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The median age was 63 (range, 26-89 years). Patients

with a body mass index higher than 30 were classified as obese [9]. A survival analysis was performed for 362 (99.5%) patients. After a median follow-up of

72.5 months (range, 0-158), 107 (29.4%) patients had died. The last follow-up data were collected in September 2013. The study was performed in accordance with the REcommendations for Tumor MARKer Prognostic Studies (REMARK) criteria [10]. Samples were collected by surgical excision before any systemic treatment and were fixed in 10% (vol/vol) neutral buffered formalin for up to 24 hours, dehydrated in 70% ethanol, and embedded in paraffin. FFPE tissue blocks were stored at room temperature for up to 14 years. The percentage of tumor cells in each FFPE specimen was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining reviewed by a certified pathologist. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed from FFPE surgical PLEKHB2 resection tumor specimens and control samples. Four 1.5-mm-diameter cores from each tumor were obtained from the most representative areas (well-preserved fragments of invasive carcinoma, without necrosis, autolysis, and squamous metaplasia) using a tissue-arraying instrument (MTA-I; Beecher Instruments, Sun Prairie, WI), and then reembedded in microarray blocks. Punches of normal tissues were added to each array to introduce built-in internal controls to the system. Consecutive 4-μm-thick TMA sections were cut and placed on charged polylysine-coated slides (Superfrost Plus; BDH, Braunschweig, Germany) for subsequent IHC analysis.